Chapter 11: The Advent of Humanity

Question 1

Neandertals

Answer 1

a group of Late Pleistocene hominins who lived in Europe and western Asia between approximately 130 000 and 30 000 hears ago

Question 2

archaic hominins

Answer 2

hominins that show a mosaic of Homo erectus and modern human traits

Question 3

calvarium

Answer 3

the skull, excluding the facial bones and mandible

Question 4

classic Neandertals

Answer 4

Neandertals of western Europe that exhibited the most pronounced morphological characteristics of this group of hominins

Question 5

occipital bun

Answer 5

a bulge on the occipital bone of the skull that projects posteriorly, typical of Neandertals

Question 6

midfacial prognathism

Answer 6

forward projection of the nasal region of the face

Question 7

retromolar space

Answer 7

a gap between the third molar and the ascending ramus of the mandible

Question 8

taurodontism

Answer 8

enlargement of the pulp cavity in molar teeth, a characteristic of Neandertals

Question 9

paranasal sinuses

Answer 9

a group of four pairs of air filled spaces located on both sides of the nasal cavity, above and between teh eyes, and within the sphenoid bone

Question 10

temporomandibular joint

Answer 10

the location on the skull base where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone

Question 11

masticatory

Answer 11

related to mastication (chewing)

Question 12

cross-sectional geometry

Answer 12

the mass and distribution (shape) of cortical bone viewed in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of a tubular bone, such as the femur of metacarpal

Question 13

pubic ramus

Answer 13

the portion of the pubic bone of the pelvis that extends medially

Question 14

ontogeny

Answer 14

the development of an organism from embryo to adult

Question 15

linear enamel hypoplasia

Answer 15

horizontal defects in tooth enamel that represent episodes of physiological stress that occurred while the teeth were forming

Question 16

Mousterian

Answer 16

a Middle Paleolithic stone tool industry generally associated with Neandertals

Question 17

Middle Palaeolithic

Answer 17

the period dating from about 250 000 to 40 000 years ago and associated with Mousterian tools

Question 18

Levallois

Answer 18

a tool-manufacturing technique of the Middle Paleolithic that involved making tools from a prepared core

Question 19

Chatelperronian

Answer 19

an Upper Paleolithic tool industry associated with late Neandertals

Question 20

zooarchaeological

Answer 20

nonhuman, typically used to refer to animal bones

Question 21

larynx

Answer 21

an organ in the neck responsible for the production of sound; also known as the voice box

Question 22

pharynx

Answer 22

part of the neck and throat located superior to the larynx that modifies sounds made by the larynx

Question 23

basicranial flexion

Answer 23

the degree of angling of the base of the skull from which the position of the larynx and size of the pharynx can be inferred

Question 24

vowel space

Answer 24

the space within the oral cavity in which vowel sounds are created by altering the relative position of tongue and pharynx

Question 25

hyoid bone

Answer 25

a bone in the neck that supports the tongue and provides attachment for muscles that connect to the larynx