Chapter 5- The Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large molecules found in all living things

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

Three of the four macromolecules form polymers: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
It’s a chain-like molecule–>monomers link by covalent bonds

Question 3

Enzymes

Answer 3

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions. Helps facilitate polymer break down

Question 4

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 4

When a H+ and OH- are removed from a polymer and monomer to form water
This process added monomers to a polymer

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

Polymers are disassembled by monomers when water is added between two monomers in a polymer chain.
Breaks monomers off of a polymer chain.

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Sugars and polymers of sugars.
Simplest are the monosaccharides(monos-single, sacchar-sugar)
Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O.
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Classification of sugars depends on either number of carbons in the carbon skeleton or location of the carbonyl group or both.
Disaccharide-consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 7

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 7

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
This linkage is only present in carbohydrates

Question 8

Polysaccharides

Answer 8

Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
Purpose: storage, building materials for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism
Structure and function are determined by its sugar monomers and by the position of its glycosidic linkages

Question 9

Starch

Answer 9

Plant storage of polysaccharides. Can later be used as energy for the plant by hydrolysis.
Most glucose monomer are joined by the 1-4 linkages (#1 carbon to #4 carbon)
Amylose-simplest form of starch is unbranched
Amylopectin- more complex and branched at 1-6 linkages

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Animal storage of a polymer of glucose
Animals store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
Easily used in the body

Question 11

Alpha and Beta glucose linkages

Answer 11

In an alpha configuration, the hydroxyl group is on the bottom while in a beta configuration, the hydroxyl group is on top
The human body can hydrolyze alpha but not beta
Cellulose has beta linkages, we cant digest

Question 12

Chitin

Answer 12

Structural polysaccharide
Used by anthropods->insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals–>builds their exoskeleton
Similar to cellulose in beta linkage, but has a nitrogen-containing appendage

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Don’t contain true polymers
Don’t mix, if at all, with water
Lipids consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions, which makes them non-polar.
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 14

Fats

Answer 14

Constructed form two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol is an alcohol; each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group.
Fatty acid; has long carbon skeleton–>one end is from the carboxyl group

Question 15

Ester Linkage+ Triacylglycerol

Answer 15

Bonds that form in lipids
Formed by dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
Triacylglycerol–> three fatty acid linked to one glycerol molecule

Question 16

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 16

When there is no double bond between carbons and has as many H+ as possible
Most animal fats are saturated
Solid at room temperature, because they pack nicely

Question 17

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 17

Has one or more double bond, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon
The kink in the hydrocarbon chain is due to the cis double bond (X’s on the same side)
At room temperature, they are liquid because they don’t pack nicely together
Plants and fish oils