Chapter 5: The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Topographic Anatomy of the body?
A
the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath
2
Q
Explain the Anatomic Position.
A
the patient is facing you, arms at the side, palms of the hands are facing forward
3
Q
Three Planes of the body
A
frontal (coronal), Transverse (horizontal), Sagittal
4
Q
Coronal plane
A
Front and back (split through the ears and hips)
5
Q
Transverse plane
A
Top and bottom (head and feet)
6
Q
Safittal plane
A
Left and right
7
Q
Midline
A
right and left (in equal halves)
8
Q
The “right” and “left” refer to the ________ right and left
A
the patients
9
Q
What is the SUPERIOR portion of the body?
A
nearer to the head (the knee is _____ to the foot)
10
Q
What is the INFERIOR portion of the body?
A
nearer to the feet (the knee is _______ to the pelvis)
11
Q
What are LATERAL (outer) structures?
A
parts of the body that lie farther from the midline
12
Q
What are MEDIAL (inner) structures?
A
parts of the body that lie closer to the midline
13
Q
Explain the term PROXIMAL
A
used to describe structures that are CLOSE TO the trunk (the elbow is proximal to the hand)
14
Q
Explain the term DISTAL
A
used to describe structures that are FARTHER AWAY from the trunk (the elbow is distal to the shoulder)
15
Q
What does SUPERFICIAL mean?
A
closer to or on the skin
16
Q
What does DEEP mean?
A
farther inside the body
17
Q
What does VENTRAL refer to?
A
the belly side of the body (aka Anterior surface)
18
Q
What does Dorsal refer to?
A
the spinal side of the body (aka posterior surface)
19
Q
What is the PALMAR surface?
A
the front region of the hand
20
Q
What is the PLANTAR surface?
A
the bottom of the foot
21
Q
What is an APEX? (plural apices)
A
the pointed extremity of a conical structure (tip)
22
Q
What is FLEXION?
A
the BENDING of a joint
23
Q
What is EXTENSION?
A
the STRAIGHTENING of a joint
24
Q
What is ADDUCTION
A
motion TOWARD the midline (bringing your arm down to your side)
25
What is ABDUCTION?
motion AWAY from your midline (raising your arms outward)
26
What does it mean when a body part is BILATERAL?
when a body part appears on both sides of the midline
| such as the eyes, ears, lungs, hands, and feet
27
What is a UNILATERAL body part?
when a body part is only found on one side of the midline
| i.e. the spleen
28
How many quadrants is the body divided into?
4
29
What body parts are located in the RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT?
liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon
30
What body parts are located in the LEFT UPPER QUADRANT?
stomach, spleen and a portion of the colon
31
What body parts are located in the RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT?
the cecum- where the large intestines open to the smaller intestines, and the appendix.
appendicitis is the most frequent reason for pain in this quadrant
32
What body parts are located in the LEFT LOWER QUADRANT?
portion of the colon
33
Describe the PRONE position.
when the patient is lying FACE DOWN
34
Describe the SUPINE position.
when the patient is lying FACE UP, ON BACK
35
Describe the FOWLERS position
when a patient is sitting up with the knees bent
36
Describe the TRENDELENBURG'S position
when the patient is lying on their backs (supine) with their feet higher than their head to keep blood to the core of the body
37
Describe the SHOCK position
also known as the modified trendelenburg's position
| the head and torso are supine and the lower extremities are 6" to 12" to help increase blood flow to the brain
38
What is the TORSO?
the trunk of the body without the head and limps
39
What gives us our recognizable human form?
the skeleton
40
What are LIGAMENTS?
a band of fibrous tissues that CONNECTS BONES to BONES
| supports and strengthens a joint
41
What are TENDONS?
attaches the MUSCLES to the BONES
42
What is CARTILAGE?
the soft, semiflexable material that is found within the joints
43
What are the two main portions of the skeletal system?
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
44
What does the AXIAL skeleton consist of?
the skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column
45
What is the thoracic cage?
the chest and rib cage
46
What does the APPENDICULAR skeleton consist of?
the arms and legs, their connections points, and the pelvis
47
What is in the THORAX?
the heart, lungs, and great vessels
48
How many bones are in the human body?
206
49
The skull is composed of two groups of bones. The _______, which protects the brain, and the _________.
cranium and the facial bones
50
What does the cranium do?
protects the brain
51
The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull called the...
foramen magnum
52
What is foramen magnum latin for?
"hole that is big"
53
What are the four major bones of the cranium?
occiput, temporal regions, parietal regions, frontal region
54
What is the OCCIPUT?
the posterior portion of the cranium
55
On each side of the cranium, the lateral portions are called the temples or ____________.
temporal regions
56
Between the regions (on the top side of the head) is the __________________ region.
parietal region
57
The for head is called the __________ region
frontal region
58
The face is composed of how many bones?
14
59
The upper, non-movable jawbones are called the...
Maxillae
60
The cheek bones are called the...
zygomas
61
The lower, movable portion of the jaw bone is called the...
mandible
62
The ______ (eye socket) is made up of two facial bones; The maxilla and the zygoma.
orbit
63
The spinal column is composed of _____ bones, each called VERETEBRAE.
33
64
From the top down, the spine is divided into 5 sections...
1. cervical spine
2. thoracic spine
3. Lumbar spine
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx
65
The first 7 vertebrae (C1 through C7) in the neck form the...
Cervical spine
66
The set of 12 vertebrae (T1 through T12) make up the...
Thoracic spine
67
The set of 5 vertebrae (L1 through L5) make up the...
Lumbar spine
68
The 5 sacral vertebrae are fuse together to form one bone called the...
Sacrum
69
The last 4 vertebrae (also fused together) from the tailbone or the...
coccyx
70
What contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels? It is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae and their 12 pairs of ribs
thoracic cavity
71
What is the sternum?
the midline of the chest
72
The sternum has 3 components:
1. the manubrium
2. the body
3. the xiphoid process
73
What is the MANUBRIUM?
the upper section of the sternum
74
What is the XIPHOID PROCESS?
the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
75
What does the UPPER EXTREMITY consist of?
it extends from the shoulder girdle to the fingertips
composed of the arm, forearm, hand, and fingers
composed of the elbow, wrist and finger joints
76
Where 3 bones come together, allowing the arm to be moved is called the _________.
What are the 3 bones?
shoulder girdle
1. clavicle (collarbone)
2. scapula (shoulder blade)
3. humerus
77
The diaphragm separates the ________ and the __________.
thorax and the abdomen
78
The supporting bone of the arm is the _______.
the humerus
79
The forearm is composed of the ____ and the ______.
radius (thumb side) and the ulna (pinky finger side)
80
What are the bones in the hand?
carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
81
What three bones make up the pelvis?
the sacrum, and two pelvic bones
82
Each pelvic bone is made up what 3 bones?
1. the ilium
2. the ischium
3. the pubis
83
The pelvis where the lower leg connects is called the ________. This is where the "socket" in which the "ball" of the femur fits
acetabulum (pelvic girdle)
84
What is the LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in the body?
the femur
85
The round, ball-like structure on the top of the femur is called the________? This is where the femur connects into the acetabulum (pelvic girdle)
femoral head
86
What are the GREATER TROCHANTER and the LESSER TROCHANTER used for?
anchor points where the major muscles of the thigh to connect to the femur
87
What is another name for the kneecap?
the patella
88
The lower part of the leg is made up of the shin bone or the _____________ and the _______.
tibia (which is the larger bone) and the fibula
89
The place where two long bones come together is called a _________.
joint (articulation)
90
A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection is the _______.
symphysis
91
The bone ends of a joint are held together by fibrous sac called the __________.
joint capsules
92
On the inner lining of the joint capsule is the _______ membrane. This special tissues is responsible for making a think lubricant called _______ fluid which lets the bones glide over each other.
synovial membrane
| synovial fluid
93
Which joint allows rotation and bending?
| Which joint allows motion being restricted to only flexion and extension?
ball-and-joint
| hinge-joints
94
The movement of the is bones of the body is provided by the ___________.
musculoskeletal system
95
There are more than _____ muscles in the musculoskeletal system.
600
96
Smooth muscles are found where?
within blood vessels and intestines
97
Cardiac muscles are found where?
within the heart
98
The _____________ system consists of all the structures of the body that contribute to reparation, or the process of breathing.
respiratory system
99
What is the diving line between the upper and lower airway?
the larynx
100
The nostrils lead to the _____________ (above the roof of the mouth)
nasopharynx
101
The PHARYNX is composed of the ________, ___________, and _____________.
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
102
The mouth leads to the ___________.
oropharynx
103
Two passageways are located at the bottom of the pharynx which are the _______ behind and the _________ (wind pipe) in the front.
esophagus (behind)
| trachea (in front)
104
What is the thin, leaf-shaped valve that protects the opening of the trachea called?
epiglottis
105
What is the firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx is known as the what?
the thyroid cartilage or the "adams apple"
106
What is the firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx?
the cricoid cartilage
107
What is the cricothyroid membrane?
a thin see of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
108
How long is the trachea?
approximately 5" long
109
What is at the end of the bronchioles?
the alveoli which are the air sacks of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
110
Covering each lunch is a layer of very smooth, glistening tissue called _______.
pleura
111
What is the PARIETAL PLEURA?
layer of the lungs that line the chest wall
112
What is the VISCERAL PLEURA?
covers the lungs
113
What is the primary muscle of breathing?
diaphragm
| - the dome shaped muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen
114
What is negative pressure breathing?
a drop of pressure within the chest cavity
115
Explain the difference between Ventilation and Respiration.
Ventilation is the movement of air between the lungs
| Respiration is the process of gas exchange
116
What is DIFFUSION?
Occurs in respiration
| When molecules move from an area with a HIGHER concentration of molecules to an area of LOWER concentration
117
What causes you to breath?
The medulla oblongata (a portion of the brain stem)
118
What is the body's "back-up system" when referring to respiration?
the hypoxic drive
119
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath is called the ____________
tidal volume
120
What is the Inspiratory reserve volume?
the deepest breath you can take after a normal breath
121
What is the Expiratory reserve volume?
the maximum amount of air that you can forcible breath OUT after a normal breath
122
What is the gas that remains in the lungs simply to keep them open?
residual volume
123
What is dead space?
the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and which causes a little to no exchange of gas
124
What is minute volume and what is the calculation?
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute
minute volume= respiratory rate X tidal volume
125
An adult who is not breathing well will l appear to be working hard to breath which is called...?
labored breathing
126
Respiratory distress in children is often called
seesaw respirations
127
Gasping breaths are called?
atonal gasps
128
What are the normal respiratory rate ranges?
Adults- 12 to 20
Children- 15 to 30
Infants- 25 to 50
129
A complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins are part of the....?
Circulatory system (aka. Cardiovascular system)
130
The _______ circulation (the circuit in the body) carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium.
systemic circulation
131
They _________ circulation (in the lungs) carries oxygen rich blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
pulmonary circulation
132
What is the average heart beats per minute?
60-100
133
What is another name of the heart?
myocardium
134
A wall called the _______ divides he heart down the middled into left and right sides
septum
135
Each side of the heart is divided into an upper chamber _____ and a lower chamber______.
atrium/ventricle
136
What does the left side of the heart do?
pumps blood to the body
| high pressure pump
137
What does the right side of the lungs do?
pumps blood to the lungs
| low pressure pump
138
The amount of blood moved in 1 BEAT is called...?
stroke volume (SV)
139
The amount of blood moved in 1 MINUTE is called...?
```
cardiac output (CO)
CO=HR X SV
```
140
The middle layer of the body is called the ____ media.
Tunica
141
What are the central pulses?
```
Carotid- neck
Femoral- groin
Radial- wrist
Brachial- crease of arm
Posterior tibial artery- shin
Dorsalis pedis- top of foot
```
142
Fine end divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues are.....
Capillary vessels
143
What organ occupies all 4 quadrants?
the small intestines
144
What does retroperitoneal organs mean?
they lie behind the abdominal cavity
145
How much saliva does the delivery glands produce in 1 day?
About 1.5 L
146
What is the oropharynx?
a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
147
The stomach converts digested food to a throughly mixed semisolid mass called...
chyme
148
What is the largest organ in the abdomen?
the liver
149
What is the largest organ?
the skin
150
The liver is connected to the intestine by the...
bile ducts
151
The ______ serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced by the liver
gallbladder
152
The ________ intestine is the major hollow organ or the abdomen. The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum.
small
153
The _________ intestine is the major hollow organ of the abdomen that encircles the abdomen
large
154
The ___________ system is a complex massages and control system that integrates many body functions
endocrine
155
What is the job of the kidneys?
rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salt
156
During ejaculation, the sperm are carried through _______________ (or vas deferens) to the urethra
vasa deferentia
157
When cells function WITH OXYGEN they are
AEROBIC metabolism
158
When cells function WITHOUT OXYGEN they are
AN-AEROBIC metabolism
159
*PATHOPHYSIOLOGY is the what?
study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular disease
