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EMT-B Course > Chapter 5: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Topographic Anatomy of the body?

A

the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath

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2
Q

Explain the Anatomic Position.

A

the patient is facing you, arms at the side, palms of the hands are facing forward

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3
Q

Three Planes of the body

A

frontal (coronal), Transverse (horizontal), Sagittal

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4
Q

Coronal plane

A

Front and back (split through the ears and hips)

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5
Q

Transverse plane

A

Top and bottom (head and feet)

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6
Q

Safittal plane

A

Left and right

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7
Q

Midline

A

right and left (in equal halves)

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8
Q

The “right” and “left” refer to the ________ right and left

A

the patients

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9
Q

What is the SUPERIOR portion of the body?

A

nearer to the head (the knee is _____ to the foot)

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10
Q

What is the INFERIOR portion of the body?

A

nearer to the feet (the knee is _______ to the pelvis)

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11
Q

What are LATERAL (outer) structures?

A

parts of the body that lie farther from the midline

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12
Q

What are MEDIAL (inner) structures?

A

parts of the body that lie closer to the midline

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13
Q

Explain the term PROXIMAL

A

used to describe structures that are CLOSE TO the trunk (the elbow is proximal to the hand)

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14
Q

Explain the term DISTAL

A

used to describe structures that are FARTHER AWAY from the trunk (the elbow is distal to the shoulder)

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15
Q

What does SUPERFICIAL mean?

A

closer to or on the skin

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16
Q

What does DEEP mean?

A

farther inside the body

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17
Q

What does VENTRAL refer to?

A

the belly side of the body (aka Anterior surface)

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18
Q

What does Dorsal refer to?

A

the spinal side of the body (aka posterior surface)

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19
Q

What is the PALMAR surface?

A

the front region of the hand

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20
Q

What is the PLANTAR surface?

A

the bottom of the foot

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21
Q

What is an APEX? (plural apices)

A

the pointed extremity of a conical structure (tip)

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22
Q

What is FLEXION?

A

the BENDING of a joint

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23
Q

What is EXTENSION?

A

the STRAIGHTENING of a joint

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24
Q

What is ADDUCTION

A

motion TOWARD the midline (bringing your arm down to your side)

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25
Q

What is ABDUCTION?

A

motion AWAY from your midline (raising your arms outward)

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26
Q

What does it mean when a body part is BILATERAL?

A

when a body part appears on both sides of the midline

such as the eyes, ears, lungs, hands, and feet

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27
Q

What is a UNILATERAL body part?

A

when a body part is only found on one side of the midline

i.e. the spleen

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28
Q

How many quadrants is the body divided into?

A

4

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29
Q

What body parts are located in the RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT?

A

liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon

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30
Q

What body parts are located in the LEFT UPPER QUADRANT?

A

stomach, spleen and a portion of the colon

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31
Q

What body parts are located in the RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT?

A

the cecum- where the large intestines open to the smaller intestines, and the appendix.
appendicitis is the most frequent reason for pain in this quadrant

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32
Q

What body parts are located in the LEFT LOWER QUADRANT?

A

portion of the colon

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33
Q

Describe the PRONE position.

A

when the patient is lying FACE DOWN

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34
Q

Describe the SUPINE position.

A

when the patient is lying FACE UP, ON BACK

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35
Q

Describe the FOWLERS position

A

when a patient is sitting up with the knees bent

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36
Q

Describe the TRENDELENBURG’S position

A

when the patient is lying on their backs (supine) with their feet higher than their head to keep blood to the core of the body

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37
Q

Describe the SHOCK position

A

also known as the modified trendelenburg’s position

the head and torso are supine and the lower extremities are 6” to 12” to help increase blood flow to the brain

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38
Q

What is the TORSO?

A

the trunk of the body without the head and limps

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39
Q

What gives us our recognizable human form?

A

the skeleton

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40
Q

What are LIGAMENTS?

A

a band of fibrous tissues that CONNECTS BONES to BONES

supports and strengthens a joint

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41
Q

What are TENDONS?

A

attaches the MUSCLES to the BONES

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42
Q

What is CARTILAGE?

A

the soft, semiflexable material that is found within the joints

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43
Q

What are the two main portions of the skeletal system?

A

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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44
Q

What does the AXIAL skeleton consist of?

A

the skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column

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45
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

the chest and rib cage

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46
Q

What does the APPENDICULAR skeleton consist of?

A

the arms and legs, their connections points, and the pelvis

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47
Q

What is in the THORAX?

A

the heart, lungs, and great vessels

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48
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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49
Q

The skull is composed of two groups of bones. The _______, which protects the brain, and the _________.

A

cranium and the facial bones

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50
Q

What does the cranium do?

A

protects the brain

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51
Q

The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull called the…

A

foramen magnum

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52
Q

What is foramen magnum latin for?

A

“hole that is big”

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53
Q

What are the four major bones of the cranium?

A

occiput, temporal regions, parietal regions, frontal region

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54
Q

What is the OCCIPUT?

A

the posterior portion of the cranium

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55
Q

On each side of the cranium, the lateral portions are called the temples or ____________.

A

temporal regions

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56
Q

Between the regions (on the top side of the head) is the __________________ region.

A

parietal region

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57
Q

The for head is called the __________ region

A

frontal region

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58
Q

The face is composed of how many bones?

A

14

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59
Q

The upper, non-movable jawbones are called the…

A

Maxillae

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60
Q

The cheek bones are called the…

A

zygomas

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61
Q

The lower, movable portion of the jaw bone is called the…

A

mandible

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62
Q

The ______ (eye socket) is made up of two facial bones; The maxilla and the zygoma.

A

orbit

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63
Q

The spinal column is composed of _____ bones, each called VERETEBRAE.

A

33

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64
Q

From the top down, the spine is divided into 5 sections…

A
  1. cervical spine
  2. thoracic spine
  3. Lumbar spine
  4. Sacrum
  5. Coccyx
65
Q

The first 7 vertebrae (C1 through C7) in the neck form the…

A

Cervical spine

66
Q

The set of 12 vertebrae (T1 through T12) make up the…

A

Thoracic spine

67
Q

The set of 5 vertebrae (L1 through L5) make up the…

A

Lumbar spine

68
Q

The 5 sacral vertebrae are fuse together to form one bone called the…

A

Sacrum

69
Q

The last 4 vertebrae (also fused together) from the tailbone or the…

A

coccyx

70
Q

What contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels? It is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae and their 12 pairs of ribs

A

thoracic cavity

71
Q

What is the sternum?

A

the midline of the chest

72
Q

The sternum has 3 components:

A
  1. the manubrium
  2. the body
  3. the xiphoid process
73
Q

What is the MANUBRIUM?

A

the upper section of the sternum

74
Q

What is the XIPHOID PROCESS?

A

the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

75
Q

What does the UPPER EXTREMITY consist of?

A

it extends from the shoulder girdle to the fingertips
composed of the arm, forearm, hand, and fingers
composed of the elbow, wrist and finger joints

76
Q

Where 3 bones come together, allowing the arm to be moved is called the _________.
What are the 3 bones?

A

shoulder girdle

  1. clavicle (collarbone)
  2. scapula (shoulder blade)
  3. humerus
77
Q

The diaphragm separates the ________ and the __________.

A

thorax and the abdomen

78
Q

The supporting bone of the arm is the _______.

A

the humerus

79
Q

The forearm is composed of the ____ and the ______.

A

radius (thumb side) and the ulna (pinky finger side)

80
Q

What are the bones in the hand?

A

carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

81
Q

What three bones make up the pelvis?

A

the sacrum, and two pelvic bones

82
Q

Each pelvic bone is made up what 3 bones?

A
  1. the ilium
  2. the ischium
  3. the pubis
83
Q

The pelvis where the lower leg connects is called the ________. This is where the “socket” in which the “ball” of the femur fits

A

acetabulum (pelvic girdle)

84
Q

What is the LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in the body?

A

the femur

85
Q

The round, ball-like structure on the top of the femur is called the________? This is where the femur connects into the acetabulum (pelvic girdle)

A

femoral head

86
Q

What are the GREATER TROCHANTER and the LESSER TROCHANTER used for?

A

anchor points where the major muscles of the thigh to connect to the femur

87
Q

What is another name for the kneecap?

A

the patella

88
Q

The lower part of the leg is made up of the shin bone or the _____________ and the _______.

A

tibia (which is the larger bone) and the fibula

89
Q

The place where two long bones come together is called a _________.

A

joint (articulation)

90
Q

A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection is the _______.

A

symphysis

91
Q

The bone ends of a joint are held together by fibrous sac called the __________.

A

joint capsules

92
Q

On the inner lining of the joint capsule is the _______ membrane. This special tissues is responsible for making a think lubricant called _______ fluid which lets the bones glide over each other.

A

synovial membrane

synovial fluid

93
Q

Which joint allows rotation and bending?

Which joint allows motion being restricted to only flexion and extension?

A

ball-and-joint

hinge-joints

94
Q

The movement of the is bones of the body is provided by the ___________.

A

musculoskeletal system

95
Q

There are more than _____ muscles in the musculoskeletal system.

A

600

96
Q

Smooth muscles are found where?

A

within blood vessels and intestines

97
Q

Cardiac muscles are found where?

A

within the heart

98
Q

The _____________ system consists of all the structures of the body that contribute to reparation, or the process of breathing.

A

respiratory system

99
Q

What is the diving line between the upper and lower airway?

A

the larynx

100
Q

The nostrils lead to the _____________ (above the roof of the mouth)

A

nasopharynx

101
Q

The PHARYNX is composed of the ________, ___________, and _____________.

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.

102
Q

The mouth leads to the ___________.

A

oropharynx

103
Q

Two passageways are located at the bottom of the pharynx which are the _______ behind and the _________ (wind pipe) in the front.

A

esophagus (behind)

trachea (in front)

104
Q

What is the thin, leaf-shaped valve that protects the opening of the trachea called?

A

epiglottis

105
Q

What is the firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx is known as the what?

A

the thyroid cartilage or the “adams apple”

106
Q

What is the firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx?

A

the cricoid cartilage

107
Q

What is the cricothyroid membrane?

A

a thin see of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

108
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

approximately 5” long

109
Q

What is at the end of the bronchioles?

A

the alveoli which are the air sacks of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

110
Q

Covering each lunch is a layer of very smooth, glistening tissue called _______.

A

pleura

111
Q

What is the PARIETAL PLEURA?

A

layer of the lungs that line the chest wall

112
Q

What is the VISCERAL PLEURA?

A

covers the lungs

113
Q

What is the primary muscle of breathing?

A

diaphragm

- the dome shaped muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen

114
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

a drop of pressure within the chest cavity

115
Q

Explain the difference between Ventilation and Respiration.

A

Ventilation is the movement of air between the lungs

Respiration is the process of gas exchange

116
Q

What is DIFFUSION?

A

Occurs in respiration

When molecules move from an area with a HIGHER concentration of molecules to an area of LOWER concentration

117
Q

What causes you to breath?

A

The medulla oblongata (a portion of the brain stem)

118
Q

What is the body’s “back-up system” when referring to respiration?

A

the hypoxic drive

119
Q

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath is called the ____________

A

tidal volume

120
Q

What is the Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

121
Q

What is the Expiratory reserve volume?

A

the maximum amount of air that you can forcible breath OUT after a normal breath

122
Q

What is the gas that remains in the lungs simply to keep them open?

A

residual volume

123
Q

What is dead space?

A

the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and which causes a little to no exchange of gas

124
Q

What is minute volume and what is the calculation?

A

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute
minute volume= respiratory rate X tidal volume

125
Q

An adult who is not breathing well will l appear to be working hard to breath which is called…?

A

labored breathing

126
Q

Respiratory distress in children is often called

A

seesaw respirations

127
Q

Gasping breaths are called?

A

atonal gasps

128
Q

What are the normal respiratory rate ranges?

A

Adults- 12 to 20
Children- 15 to 30
Infants- 25 to 50

129
Q

A complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins are part of the….?

A

Circulatory system (aka. Cardiovascular system)

130
Q

The _______ circulation (the circuit in the body) carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium.

A

systemic circulation

131
Q

They _________ circulation (in the lungs) carries oxygen rich blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.

A

pulmonary circulation

132
Q

What is the average heart beats per minute?

A

60-100

133
Q

What is another name of the heart?

A

myocardium

134
Q

A wall called the _______ divides he heart down the middled into left and right sides

A

septum

135
Q

Each side of the heart is divided into an upper chamber _____ and a lower chamber______.

A

atrium/ventricle

136
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

pumps blood to the body

high pressure pump

137
Q

What does the right side of the lungs do?

A

pumps blood to the lungs

low pressure pump

138
Q

The amount of blood moved in 1 BEAT is called…?

A

stroke volume (SV)

139
Q

The amount of blood moved in 1 MINUTE is called…?

A 
cardiac output (CO)
CO=HR X SV
140
Q

The middle layer of the body is called the ____ media.

A

Tunica

141
Q

What are the central pulses?

A 
Carotid- neck
Femoral- groin
Radial- wrist
Brachial- crease of arm
Posterior tibial artery- shin
Dorsalis pedis- top of foot
142
Q

Fine end divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues are…..

A

Capillary vessels

143
Q

What organ occupies all 4 quadrants?

A

the small intestines

144
Q

What does retroperitoneal organs mean?

A

they lie behind the abdominal cavity

145
Q

How much saliva does the delivery glands produce in 1 day?

A

About 1.5 L

146
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

147
Q

The stomach converts digested food to a throughly mixed semisolid mass called…

A

chyme

148
Q

What is the largest organ in the abdomen?

A

the liver

149
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

the skin

150
Q

The liver is connected to the intestine by the…

A

bile ducts

151
Q

The ______ serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced by the liver

A

gallbladder

152
Q

The ________ intestine is the major hollow organ or the abdomen. The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum.

A

small

153
Q

The _________ intestine is the major hollow organ of the abdomen that encircles the abdomen

A

large

154
Q

The ___________ system is a complex massages and control system that integrates many body functions

A

endocrine

155
Q

What is the job of the kidneys?

A

rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salt

156
Q

During ejaculation, the sperm are carried through _______________ (or vas deferens) to the urethra

A

vasa deferentia

157
Q

When cells function WITH OXYGEN they are

A

AEROBIC metabolism

158
Q

When cells function WITHOUT OXYGEN they are

A

AN-AEROBIC metabolism

159
Q

*PATHOPHYSIOLOGY is the what?

A

study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular disease

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