chapter 5 The demand for sleep

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

refers to your level of awareness of external and internal stimuli, divided into 2 categories, Normal waking consciousness (NWC) and Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

Question 2

NREM Sleep

Answer 2

Non Rapid Eye Movement, 3 stages NREM 1, NREM 2 and NREM 3. In each stage sleep becomes progressively deeper. It is important for restoring body functions

Question 3

NREM stage 1

Answer 3

light stage of sleep that lasts 2-10 minutes. Movement is minimal and heart rate, breathing rate blood pressure and metabolic rate begin to decrease. Theta waves begin to replace alpha waves.

Question 4

NREM Stage 2

Answer 4

Lasts 20-30 minutes. Heart rate, breathing rate and metabolic rate continue to decrease.
Sleeper still receptive to loud noises and external stimuli.
Theta waves

Question 5

NREM stage 3

Answer 5

Deep sleep. It lasts around 20 - 40 minutes, however decreases in length over the course of the night. Heart and breathing rate stabilise, muscles are relaxed and eyes show little movement.
delta waves

Question 6

REM Sleep

Answer 6

Rapid eye movement. Quick movements of the eyes under the eyelids
The brain and internal organs are very active, although REM sleep is a very deep type of sleep
Heart rate, breathing rate and metabolic rate all become irregular during REM sleep.
REM sleep is helpful for restoring brain functions . Like NREM sleep, the amount required differs across the lifespan.
Beta waves occur becuase neurons in the brain act as they are awake

Question 7

Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

Answer 7

a person experiences reduced awareness, ASC incudes naturally occurring eg sleep, daydreaming or induced eg being drunk

Question 8

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

Answer 8

when you are awake and aware of your thoughts, feelings and perceptions from internal and external environment

Question 9

psychological construct

Answer 9

sleep is a psychological construct as it is something we believe to exist, as we can measure its effects but cannot directly measure or observe it

Question 10

Electroencephalograph - EEG

Answer 10

An EEG is a device that Detects, Amplifies and Records the Electrical activity of the neurons in the brain. It produces a recording of brainwave patterns which can be analysed and interpreted

Question 11

Electromyograph - EMG

Answer 11

The EMG is a device that Detects, Amplifies and Records the Electrical activity of muscles of the body.

Question 12

Electro-oculargraph - EOG

Answer 12

An EOG is a device that Detects, Amplifies and Records the Electrical activity of the muscles responsible for controlling eye movements. An EOG provides an indication of the changes in eye movement that occurs through a night’s sleep

Question 13

brain waves

Answer 13

BATD
Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta

Question 14

Amplitude

Answer 14

the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position. if the waves are tall = high amplitude

Question 15

frequency

Answer 15

the number of waves, more bunched up = higher frequency

Question 16

Beta

Answer 16

Have a low amplitude and a high frequency . they occur when we are awake and alert and ‘beta like waves’ occur during rem sleep because the brain is active

Question 17

Alpha

Answer 17

Have a low medium amplitude and Medium high frequency. Occur in a deeply relaxed state like when you are falling asleep
theta waves replace alpha waves in stage 1 NREM

Question 18

Theta

Answer 18

Have a medium high amplitude and a low medium frequency. theta waves occur in early or light sleep which is stage one NREM

Question 19

delta

Answer 19

High amplitude and low frequency occur in deep sleep Stage 3 NREM

Question 20

Circadian rhythms

Answer 20

Are biological patterns that follow a 24 hour cycle, They are influenced by zeitgebers, The sleep wake cycle is a circadian rhythm

Question 21

Zeitgebers

Answer 21

‘time givers’, external cues that can influence changes in the sleep wake cycle, such as light, Temperature, and eating and drinking

Question 22

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 22

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulates the body’s circadian rhythms, particularly the sleep– wake cycle, using information about the intensity and duration of light received from the eyes via the optic nerve

Question 23

pineal gland

Answer 23

located deep within the forebrain that secretes melatonin, which regulates body rhythms and the sleep–wake cycle

Question 24

melatonin

Answer 24

Melatonin A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that causes drowsiness and helps to regulate the sleep–wake cycle

Question 25

ultradian rhythm

Answer 25

A biological rhythm that follow a cycle of less than 24 hours and determines the timing and duration of our sleep states. eg sleep cycles

Question 26

sleep cycles

Answer 26

last approximately 90 minutes each. the first sleep cycle has stages of NREM followed by REM this is one ultradian cycle.
As the night goes on the sleep cycles change with stage 1 NREM no longer occurring. stages 2 and 3 REM get shorter and REM lasts longer. WE typically have five ultradian sleep cycles per night

Question 27

Newborns

Answer 27

No sleep wake patterns, Sleep for approximately 16 hours per day, 50 percent of their sleep is REM sleep as their brain is developing rapidly, and 50 percent in NREM

Question 28

infants

Answer 28

14 hours of sleep, 35% of sleep is REM sleep. Circadian rhythm starts to influence sleep

Question 29

children

Answer 29

e 11–12 hours of sleep,
with the proportion spent in REM dropping to
approximately 20–25 per cent

Question 30

adolescents

Answer 30

9 hours of sleep required.
Sleep consists of 20–25 per cent REM sleep and
75–80 per cent, NREM sleep. Adolescents fall asleep later at night than younger children and adults because melatonin is released and peaks later in the 24-hour cycle for teens.

Question 31

adults

Answer 31

need 7- 8 ours of sleep per night. 20 per cent of this spent in REM sleep and 80 per cent in NREM. Following
adolescence, the amount of time spent in REM and
NREM stabilises into old age

Question 32

elderly

Answer 32

Older adults tend to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier (ASPD). As people enter old age, they often
sleep less than they did earlier in life; however,
it is recommended that they get
7–8 hours. 20 per cent REM sleep and 80 per cent NREM. As people move into old age, they will also report waking more frequently throughout
the night and they spend less time in stage 3
(deep sleep) and nap more frequently during the
day.