Chapter 5: Tendencies, Sentiments, and Passions

Question 1

2 PRINCIPLES of ACTION in a Single Person

Answer 1

1) Nature

2) Freedom

Question 2

VOLUNTAS UT NATURA

Answer 2

The natural inclination of a nature towards its good (intelligible good in humans) -Aquinas

Question 3

DESIRES

Answer 3

(aka. impulses, tendencies) - the forms in which man manifests his vital needs in his dialogue with the world (to every need there is an impulse and vice versa).

Question 4

3 Groups NATURAL INCLINATIONS (Aquinas)

Answer 4

1) Common to Living Beings
2) Common to Animals
3) Proper to Man as Rational Being

Question 5

Natural Inclinations Common to LIVING BEINGS

Answer 5

Conservation of Life, Self-Defence, Nutrition (vegetative-shared with plants)

Question 6

Natural Inclinations Common to ANIMALS

Answer 6

Reproduction, Care of Offspring, (Shared with Animals)

Question 7

Natural Inclinations Proper to Man as RATIONAL BEING

Answer 7

Sociality, Friendship, Love, Metaphysical Transcendence (proper to man as rational being)

Question 8

TENDENCIES as used by Empirical Psychology

Answer 8

the DYNAMISM that is at the base of HUMAN CONDUCT (as opposed to Aquinas’ metaphysical “natural inclinations”)

Question 9

Characteristics of Tendencies (as used by empirical psychology)

Answer 9

1) Psychological reflection of the “VITAL LAW” of the communication between man and the world. Render our needs known to us.
2) Experienced as a movement from the state of need to a future state of satisfaction
3) AIM at a particular GOAL/purpose
4) APPEAR as something IMPOSED on/given to us. They have a PASSIVE character.

Question 10

3 Groups of TENDENCIES

Answer 10

1) Vitality
2) “I” Individual
3) Transitive

Question 11

Tendencies of VITALITY

Answer 11

• ACTIVITY
• PLEASURE
• SEXUAL TENDENCY
  (ordered towards life, and the preservation of life – also has a strong link with the transitive tendency to love – to self transcendence through the giving of oneself to the other in love)
• “VIVENTIAL” (Self Realization)

Question 12

Tendencies of “I” INDIVIDUAL

Answer 12

• SELF CONSERVATION
• POSSESSION
• For POWER
• To Be ESTEEMED BY OTHERS
• For REVENGE
• For SELF ESTEEM

Question 13

TRANSITIVE Tendencies

Answer 13

• BEING WITH OTHERS
• BEING FOR OTHERS
• CREATIVITY
• DESIRE TO KNOW
• TO LOVE AND BE LOVED
• NORMATIVE TENDENCY (toward abstract goods: truth, justice, solidarity, etc.)
• TRANSCENDENTAL TENDENCY ( artistic impulse, metaphysical aspiration, religion, etc.)

Question 14

EMOTIONS and SENTIMENTS

Answer 14

the interior resonance of the tendencies subsequent to perception

Question 15

SENTIMENTS Linked to Tendencies of VITALITY

Answer 15

• PLEASURE
• PAIN
• BORDEM
• FUN
• WORRY
• PANIC

Question 16

SENTIMENTS Linked to Tendencies of “I” INDIVIDUAL

Answer 16

• AGITATION
• TRUST
• MISTRUST
• JEALOUSY
• DISCONTENT
• FEELING of INFERIORITY
• REVENGE
• SHAME
• ETC.

Question 17

SENTIMENTS Linked to TRANSITIVE Tendencies

Answer 17

• SYMPATHY
• LOVE
• HATE
• RESPECT
• CONTEMPT
• ESTEEM
• COMPASSION
• ETC.

Question 18

PASSIONS

Answer 18

the ACTS of the SENSIBLE APPETITES (Aquinas)

Question 19

3 Ways Distinguish Passions

Answer 19

1) According to SENSIBLE FACULTY
2) According to OBJECT of Passions
3) Applying only to IRASCIBLE Appetites

Question 20

According to SENSIBLE FACULTY

Answer 20

CONCUPISCIBLE or IRASCIBLE

Concupiscible: impulse toward sense pleasure

Irascible: aggressive impulse (difficult pleasure to be attained, or the evil to be avoided)
[Hardon: sense faculty that is aroused to resist an impending danger.]

Question 21

According to OBJECT of Passions

Answer 21

1) Absent Pleasure - desire
2) Present Pleasure - joy
3) Present Evil - sadness
4) Absent Evil - flight

Question 22

Applying only to IRASCIBLE Appetites

Answer 22

1) A Good that is Hard to reach, but POSSIBLE - Hope

2) The Loss of the same Good - Discouragement

Question 23

Why every appetite searches for its Proper Object, Independently or in Rational Order….

Answer 23

Concupiscence

Question 24

VALUE of SENTIMENTS depends on…

Answer 24

1) TRUTH or FALSITY of the evaluation they contain:
2) CORRECTNESS or INCORRECTNESS of the behavior suggested by passions:
3) INTENSITY and CONTENT

Question 25

TRUTH or FALSITY of the evaluation they contain

Answer 25

• TRUTH: judging good act to be good

- FALSITY: judging bad act to be good

Question 26

CORRECTNESS or INCORRECTNESS of the behavior suggested by passions:

Answer 26

• CORRECTNESS: if leads to good Moral Behavior

- INCORRECTNESS: if leads to Bad Behavior

Question 27

INTENSITY and CONTENT

Answer 27

influences the QUALITY of the Passion

Question 28

How to EDUCATE SENTIMENTS

Answer 28

1) Interpret
2) Evaluate
3) Direct or Correct

Question 29

[Educating Sentiments]

INTERPRET

Answer 29

understand WHY this passion is Influencing Me

Question 30

[Educating Sentiments]

EVALUATE

Answer 30

Put the good or evil that we are affectively experiencing in RELATION to GLOBAL GOOD of the Christian View

Question 31

[Educating Sentiments]

DIRECT of CORRECT

Answer 31

• ACCEPT the sentiment if it’s direction is Good.

- MODIFY or REJECT if its direction is Bad

Question 32

ANTECEDENT PASSIONS

Answer 32

Happen BEFORE the ACT of the WILL

Question 33

[Antecedent Passions]

How INFLUENCE the WILL

Answer 33

1) THROUGH the INTELLECT: present Act as something good to do. It is DISORDERED if it presents an act as good that the Person Normally and Habitually Judges as BAD.
2) THROUGH the WILL: it Weakens it by Exhausting the person so he Loses some of his Self Control and acts Less VOLUNTARILY

Question 34

CONCOMITANT PASSIONS

Answer 34

Happen at the SAME TIME as the Act of the Will

Question 35

CONSEQUENT PASSIONS

Answer 35

Happen AFTER the Act of the Will