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Introduction to Linguistics > Chapter 5 - Syntax > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

Syntax

A

A level of grammar that specifically refers to the arrangement of words and morphemes in the construction of sentences.

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2
Q

Descriptive syntax (grammar)

A

The mostly subconscious rules of a language that one uses to combine smaller units.

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3
Q

Prescriptive syntax (grammar)

A

The concept that there is a correct and incorrect way to speak, write, or sign.

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4
Q

Transformation (generative) grammar

A

A syntax model that includes a finite set of rules that could hypothetically produce (generate) an infinite number of utterances.

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5
Q

Sentence

A

A string of words that is grammatically complete with at least two components: a subject and a predicate.

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6
Q

Constituents

A

Units combined to create larger syntactic constructions

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7
Q

Subject

A

Topic of the sentence

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8
Q

Predicate

A

A comment or assertion made about the topic

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9
Q

Simple sentence

A

A sentence with one subject and one predicate

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10
Q

Compound sentence

A

Two simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction; in writing, punctuation can substitute for the conjunction.

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11
Q

Independent clause

A

A simple sentence

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12
Q

Dependent clause

A

A subject and predicate but cannot stand alone as a simple sentence; it must depends on an independent clause to make it complete.

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13
Q

Complex sentence

A

A simple sentence and one or more dependent clauses

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14
Q

Compound-complex sentence

A

Two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

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15
Q

Phrase

A

Any constituent of a clause

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16
Q

Head of a phrase

A

The word that determines the syntactic or phrasal category of that phrase

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17
Q

Dependents of a phrase

A

All parts of a phrase that are not its head

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18
Q

Specifier

A

Makes the meaning of the head more precise

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19
Q

Complements

A

Provide further information about the head

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20
Q

Noun phrase

A

Does the work of a noun

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21
Q

Determiner

A

A word used before a noun to indicate whether the noun refers to something that is specific or general.

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22
Q

Verb phrase

A

It includes a verb and can include an auxiliary verb, direct or indirect object, and modifiers.

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23
Q

Adjective phrase

A

Headed by an adjective but might also include an adjective modifier.

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24
Q

Adverb phrase

A

A modifier of a verb

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25
Q

Prepositional phrase

A

It can function to modify a noun phrase or a verb phrase.

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26
Q

Grammatical (well-formed)

A

A sentence in which sequence of words conforms to the syntactic knowledge (rules) of native speakers of a language.

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27
Q

Ungrammatical (ill-formed)

A

A sentence in which the sequence of words does not conform to the syntactic knowledge (rules) of fluent speakers of a language.

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28
Q

Constituents

A

Units combined to create larger syntactic constructions

29
Q

Subject

A

Topic of the sentence

30
Q

Predicate

A

A comment or assertion made about the topic

31
Q

Simple sentence

A

A sentence with one subject and one predicate

32
Q

Compound sentence

A

Two simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction; in writing, punctuation can substitute for the conjunction.

33
Q

Independent clause

A

A simple sentence

34
Q

Dependent clause

A

A subject and predicate but cannot stand alone as a simple sentence; it must depends on an independent clause to make it complete.

35
Q

Complex sentence

A

A simple sentence and one or more dependent clauses

36
Q

Compound-complex sentence

A

Two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

37
Q

Phrase

A

Any constituent of a clause

38
Q

Head of a phrase

A

The word that determines the syntactic or phrasal category of that phrase

39
Q

Dependents of a phrase

A

All parts of a phrase that are not its head

40
Q

Specifier

A

Makes the meaning of the head more precise

41
Q

Complements

A

Provide further information about the head

42
Q

Noun phrase

A

Does the work of a noun

43
Q

Determiner

A

A word used before a noun to indicate whether the noun refers to something that is specific or general.

44
Q

Verb phrase

A

It includes a verb and can include an auxiliary verb, direct or indirect object, and modifiers.

45
Q

Adjective phrase

A

Headed by an adjective but might also include an adjective modifier.

46
Q

Adverb phrase

A

A modifier of a verb

47
Q

Prepositional phrase

A

It can function to modify a noun phrase or a verb phrase.

48
Q

Grammatical (well-formed)

A

A sentence in which sequence of words conforms to the syntactic knowledge (rules) of native speakers of a language.

49
Q

Ungrammatical (ill-formed)

A

A sentence in which the sequence of words does not conform to the syntactic knowledge (rules) of fluent speakers of a language.

50
Q

Linear word order

A

The specific sequence that different types of words follow

51
Q

Case

A

The function of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives within a sentence and the relationship of these words to verbs and and other words within the sentence.

52
Q

Lexical/polysemantic ambiguity

A

Refers to the situation in which a word or phrase can refer to more than one meaning

53
Q

Structural/syntactic ambiguity

A

Exists when the constituents of an utterance

54
Q

Part-of-speech ambiguity

A

Exists when a word in an utterance could be interpreted as belonging to different lexical categories.

55
Q

Tree diagram

A

An illustration in form of an upside-down tree shape that shows the constituents of an utterance, with the most general at the top and specific constituents at the bottom of the tree.

56
Q

Lexicon

A

A specific language is a list of all the morphemes that are used in that language to form words.

57
Q

Co-occurrence restriction

A

A limitation on the use of a morpheme

58
Q

Phrase marker (phrase structure tree)

A

A tree diagram that specifies the function of each constituent of an utterance

59
Q

Node

A

A point in a tree diagram where branching occurs

60
Q

Phrase structure rules

A

Specify how constituents of an utterance are arranged and what constituents can occur as parts of other constituents (the hierarchical structure of a sentence)

61
Q

Universal grammar (UG)

A

The system involving phonemic difference, word order, and phrase recognition that is the basis for the theory of the innateness of language acquisition.

62
Q

Surface structure

A

An actual utterance that can be broken down by conventional methods of syntactic analysis.

63
Q

Deep structure

A

A highly abstract level of language that represents the basic meaning of a sentence.

64
Q

Transformational rules (T-rules)

A

Relate the spoken form of sentence (surface structure) to their underlying meaning (deep structure)

65
Q

Phrasal verb

A

A verb phrase consisting of a verbal base and and verbal particle.

66
Q

Verbal base

A

The main part of the verb

67
Q

Verbal particles

A

Prepositions that co-occur with some verbs and can appear to the left or right of the direct object noun phrase.

68
Q

Topicalization

A

A movement transformation that creates a derived sentence with a different focus or emphasis than the basic sentence.

Introduction to Linguistics (7 decks)

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