Chapter 5: States of consciousness

Question 1

What is consciousness

Answer 1

Consciousness means being aware

American Psychologist William James & Stream of Consciousness (1893) - An uninterrupted flow/stream of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

Question 2

Levels of Awareness

Answer 2

1. High-level consciousness
2. Lower level consciousness
3. Altered states of consciousness
4. subconscious awareness
5. No awareness

Question 3

High-level consciousness

Answer 3

involved controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal EX: doing a math or science problem

Question 4

Lower level consciousness

Answer 4

Including automatic processing that requires a little attention as well as daydreaming EX: typing on a keyboard,writing number in cellphone

Question 5

Altered states of consciousness

Answer 5

can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation EX: feeling the effects of having taken alcohol or psychedelic drugs and going under hypnosis to quit smoking or to lose weight

Question 6

subconscious awareness

Answer 6

This can occur when people are awake as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming EX: sleeping and dayreaming

Question 7

No awareness

Answer 7

freud’s belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them EX: Having unconscious thoughts

Question 8

Why do we sleep and why sleep is necessary?

Answer 8

Sleep is an innate biological rhythm that cannot be entirely ignored

Sleep helps keep the body and brain healthy by regulating temperature and immune system, conserving energy, and aiding the development and repair

Improves memory, boosts creativity, etc.

Sleep is a necessity & each has their own circadian rhythm (physiological sleep-wake
cycle)

Question 9

circadian rhythm

Answer 9

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle

Question 10

Patterns of Brain during Sleep

Answer 10

Brain doesn’t shut down during sleep, rather the pattern of activity changes.

Question 11

Does the brain rest or shut down during sleep?

Answer 11

The brain doesn’t shut down during sleep, rather the pattern of activity changes Changes in tiny

electrical signals (brainwaves) can be measured during sleep by (EEG)

Question 12

brainwaves: Types

Answer 12

Beta waves
Alpha waves

Question 13

Beta waves

Answer 13

Beta waves: small, fast waves associated with alertness and wakefulness

Question 14

Alpha waves

Answer 14

Alpha waves: larger, slower waves associated with relaxation and falling
asleep

Question 15

Sleeping Stages

Answer 15

There are four sleeping stages

Question 16

stage 1 of sleep

Answer 16

Light sleep
Small irregular waves
Hypnagogic jerk

Question 17

Stage 2 of sleep

Answer 17

Deeper sleep
Sleep spindles on EEG
Brief bursts of high frequency waves

Question 18

Stage 3 of sleep

Answer 18

Even deeper sleep
Delta waves emerge
Very large & slow

Question 19

Stage 4 of sleep

Answer 19

The deepest level of normal sleep

Almost purely delta waves

Question 20

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Stage

Answer 20

eyeballs go nuts, associated with dreaming, marked by a return of fast, irregular EEG patterns similar to stage 1 of sleep.

Question 21

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 21

experience of waking up while muscles remain frozen

Question 22

What are some of the things that disturb sleep?

Answer 22

1. Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep
2. Hypersomnia: excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime
3. Nightmares:
4. Sleepwalking sleeptalking & sleep sex
5. Sleep apnea difficulty breathing during sleeping
6. Narcolepsy irresistible sleep attacks e.g. falling asleep while standing,

Question 23

Dreams theory: Sigmund Freud’s: psychodynamic theory

Answer 23

Talked about ‘wish fulfillment’ – dreams disguising an expression of unconscious desires or conflicts.
EX: Stealing the wedding ring of best friend (jealousy) = wanting to sleep with her husband/his wife

Question 24

Activation synthesis hypothesis

Answer 24

Hobson & McCarle
is a neurobiological way to explain the origin of dreams.
Feeling of running in a dream but the legs remain motionless (activation),
so the brain creates a ‘dramatic chase scene’ (synthesis).

Question 25

Dreams

Answer 25

Dreams are usually meaningless

Question 26

neurocognitive dream theory: William Domhoff

Answer 26

That dreams have much in common with our waking thoughts and emotions

Most dreams in fact do reflect what we think and how we feel during the day

E.g. dreams of arguing with a teacher in class if the student was upset with
him/her

Question 27

Hypnosis

Answer 27

altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.

Brain activity recorded during hypnosis is different from sleep (hypnosis ≠ sleep).

Question 28

Realities of Hypnosis

Answer 28

1. People must cooperate in order to be hypnotized – cannot be done against
   one’s will
2. Hypnosis cannot produce acts of superhuman strength, or aggression (unless maybe you are already aggressive)
3. Through research, hypnosis found to possibly improve memory, relieve pain,
   experience sensory changes, help someone relax, etc.

Question 29

Drug Altered Consciousness

Answer 29

One of the most common ways of altering consciousness is to administer psychoactive drugs

Question 30

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 30

a substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
EX: Coffee, nicotine, and alcohol are mildly psychoactive

Psychoactive drugs stimulants or depressants based on how they act upon the CNS

Question 31

Substance Use

Answer 31

may not be a problem or lead to
abuse or dependency

Question 32

Substance Abuse

Answer 32

Overusing or using in a manner other than its intended use are signs of abuse.

Question 33

Addiction

Answer 33

continued use of substances no matter what negative effects there may be, which is also characterized by physical or physiological dependence

Question 34

Withdrawal Symptoms

Answer 34

physical illness or discomfort following withdrawal from a drug

Question 35

Tolerance

Answer 35

a reduction of the body’s response
to a drugs

Question 36

what is circadian rhythm

Answer 36

Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour internal clock in our brain that regulates cycles of alertness and sleepiness by responding to light changes in our environment.

Question 37

ultradian sleep cycle

Question 38

REM: Rapid eye movement

Answer 38

muscles become inactive and that is why you feel stuck or trapped you can’t move if you wake up in this stage

EM sleep is when you tend to have vivid dreams you can dream in other stages but It wont be as vivid

Question 39

REM: Rapid eye movement

Answer 39

muscles become inactive and that is why you feel stuck or trapped you can’t move if you wake up in this stage

EM sleep is when you tend to have vivid dreams you can dream in other stages but It won’t be as vivid

Question 40

non REM

Answer 40

its the the 4 stages of sleep are called non-rem

Question 41

What is Sleep Hygiene?

Answer 41

Sleep hygiene’ is the term used to describe good sleep habits

Question 42

Sleep Hygiene Tips

Answer 42

Get regular.
Sleep when sleepy.
Get up & try again.
exercise
eat right