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Intro to psychology > Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between physical stimuli and sensation they evoke in human body

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The senses transduce physical energy into neural signals
that are sent back to the brain for further processing

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3
Q

Sensations

A

neural information detection in the brain from
the sensory organs (eye, ear, etc.)

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4
Q

where does perception happen

A

Realizing that we are seeing or hearing takes place at
brain, and not sensory organs

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5
Q

Data Reduction System

A

selecting and analyzing only most important data by the brain (we do not process everything)

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

change in sensory receptor responsiveness towards unchanging stimuli e.g. pressure from wearing a watch

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation

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8
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimal difference between two stimuli required before the two stimuli can be coded as different

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9
Q

Sensory analysis

A

the process by which the senses divide the world into important perceptual features e.g. lines, shapes, color

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Principle that two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage to be perceived as different – depends on intensity too

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11
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Detection of information below level of conscious
awareness

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12
Q

Subliminal Perception uses

A

To suggest or influence

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13
Q

Synaesthesia

A

One sense induces experience in another sense

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14
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Experiencing sensations in a limb that does not exist
Occurs among amputees

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15
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A
  • Perception in absence of concrete sensory input
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16
Q

Light

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation (aka electromagnetic wave
or energy) that is detected by the eye

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17
Q

Wavelength

A

– determines the nature of light i.e. hue or color. As an
example, red light has a different wavelength as compared to blue light

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18
Q

Amplitude

A

– tells us the intensity or brightness of the light

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19
Q

Structure of Eye

A

sclera, retina,iris,cornera,pupil,Lens

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20
Q

Sclera

A
  • White, outer part of eye
  • Helps maintain shape of eye
  • Protects eye from injury
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21
Q

Iris

A

Coloured circular muscle that controls entering
amount of light

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22
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in center of iris through which light passes
* Size controlled by muscles in iris

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23
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent membrane covering front of eye

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24
Q

Lens

A

Transparent, somewhat flexible, disk-like structure

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25
Q

Retina

A

The multilayered, light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye
* Converts visual stimuli to neural impulses

26
Q

Photoreceptors> Rods,Cones

A

Cells on the retina which convert electromagnetic energy into
electrochemical impulses – to be read by the brain

27
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors for dim light
* Only produce black and white
* Function well under low illumination

28
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors for colors and bright
light
*Require more light than rods

29
Q

Fovea

A

Tiny area in the center of the retina at which
vision is best
* Highly dense with cones; rods
absent

30
Q

Blind spot

A

Place on retina containing neither
rods nor cones
* Where the optic nerve leaves eye

31
Q

Colour Vision Theories

A

Trichromatic theory
Opponent process theory

32
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

The trichromatic theory that states we have 3 types of cones of varying lengths; red, green, and blue (sensitive to different wavelengths)

33
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Opponent process theory: color vision theory based on three
“systems”: red vs green, blue vs yellow, black vs white
* Exciting one color in a pair (red) blocks the excitation in the other member of the pair (green)

34
Q

After Image Effect

A

Fatigue caused by one response, will produce afterimage of the opposite colour

35
Q

Colour blindness

A

– inability to perceive colours due to lacking or
faulty cones

36
Q

Sound

A

vibrations/rhythmic movements in the air that are captured by the auditory system

37
Q

Structure of Ear

A

3 main parts – outer, middle & inner

38
Q

Outer

A

Outer – External part of ear that collects and channels sound

39
Q

Middle

A

Middle – Channels sound to inner ear

40
Q

Inner

A

Inner – Converts sound into neural impulses i.e. hair receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations

41
Q

Frequency Theory

A

As pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency
are fed into the auditory nerve e.g. 800-hertz tone produces
800 nerve impulses a second

42
Q

Place theory

A

Place theory – Higher and lower tones excite specific
areas of the cochlea e.g. higher tones are registered most
strongly at the base of the cochlea

43
Q

Skin

A

Touch (pressure), temperature (hot/cold), pain
* Each with own specific receptors in the skin

44
Q

Chemical Sense

A

Taste – sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (receptors in
tongue)

  • Smell – receptors in the Olfactory Epithelium (roof of
    nasal cavity)
45
Q

Kinesthetic

A

– information on movement (kinesthesia) and bodily position (proprioception)

Muscle memory e.g. in playing sport & walking without
looking at feet

46
Q

Vestibular

A

balance and orientation – semicircular canals (ear as an organ of balance and not just hearing)

  • Motion sickness or dizziness – senses from eyes & ears
    don’t match up (sensory conflict theory)
47
Q

How sensations are organized into meaningful patterns

A

Pre-existing ideas and expectations guide our interpretations

48
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Bottom-up processing: analyzing information starting at the bottom (small units i.e. your senses) and going upward (to
the brain) to form a complete perception

49
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Top-down processing: pre-existing knowledge in mind that is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole

50
Q

Gestalt Principles of Organisation

A

change in focus also changes our attention towards other objects

51
Q

Ambiguous stimuli

A

Ambiguous stimuli: patterns allowing more than one interpretation e.g.Rorschach test

52
Q

Size & Shape Constancy

A

Perceived size and shape remains constant despite
changes in retinal image

53
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive a stimulus that is in plain view but not the focus of attention e.g. driving accidents

54
Q

Relative size

A

if two objects of the same size appear at different distances, the distant object looks smaller

55
Q

Light and shadow

A

most objects are lit in ways that create clear patterns of
light and shadow, resulting in a three-dimensional appearance e.g. 3D drawings

56
Q

Overlap

A

when one object partially blocks another, it appears to be closer

57
Q

Perceptual habits

A

ingrained patterns of organization and attention – perceiving things as they usually are e.g. laptop model (Microsoft vs Apple)

57
Q

Perceptual habits

A

ingrained patterns of organization and attention – perceiving things as they usually are e.g. laptop model (Microsoft vs Apple)

57
Q

Perceptual habits

A

ingrained patterns of organization and attention – perceiving things as they usually are e.g. laptop model (Microsoft vs Apple)

58
Q

Perceptual habits

A

ingrained patterns of organization and attention – perceiving things as they usually are e.g. laptop model (Microsoft vs Apple)

Intro to psychology (5 decks)

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