Chapter 5 - Socio-cultural influences Flashcards
What are the 4 common barriers to participation?
Gender
Ethnicity
Age
Family, friends and peers
Example of how gender can be a bar to participation? (olympics)
Females could only run in races less than 800 metres until 1960 as they were considered as the weaker sex
Example of how ethnicity can be a bar to participation?
Competitors of a certain religion may have a dress code which makes it harder to participate to their full abilities
Example of how age can be a bar to participation?
Older people are more likely to suffer injuries and will take longer to recover too
Example of how family, friends and peers can be a bar to participation?
Families may not be able to afford a sport’s specialist equipment leading to the child not being able to play and forced into a different sport
What is a role model?
A person looked up to as an example to be imitated
What is commercialisation?
The management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity designed in a way to make profit
What is the media?
A diverse range of technologies that act as a means for mass communication
What are the 4 types of media?
Broadcast media
Internet/social media
Outdoor media
Print media
What is broadcast media?
Television and radio
What is internet and social media?
Provides easy access to the broadcast media and the print media
What is print media?
Newspapers and magazines
What is outdoor media?
Billboards and advertisments
What is a sponsor?
An individual or group which provides support to an event, activity, person or organisation
What is sponsorship?
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation in return for some kind of commercial exposure
What are the 3 types of sponsorship?
Financial
Clothing, equipment or footwear
Facilities
What are 3 positives of media and sponsorship on the performer?
- More money in the sport means they can receive higher wages
- The media coverage can paint the performer as a role model to others
- There is more money for better training programmes and facilities
What are 3 negatives of media and sponsorship on the performer?
- Strong media presence can put too much pressure on the performer which could lead to them not enjoying the sport
- Mistakes in competitions become extremely public
- There is intense media scrutiny of performers
What are the 2 positives of media and sponsorship on the officials?
- Being in the media can turn officials into heroes and role models
- The more money means the more likely that officiating becomes a full time career path
What are the 2 negatives of media and sponsorship on the officials?
- Strong media presence puts high levels of pressure on officials to make the correct decision so they may enjoy it less
- There are heavy levels of media scrutiny when mistakes are made as they become completely public
What are 3 positives of sponsorship and media on the sport?
- Increased interest from grass root paticipants
- More money available for teams to invest in equipment and facilities
- There are increased numbers of role models
What are 3 negatives of sponsorship and media on the sport?
- Rules within the sport are changed in order to meet requirements of the media
- Minority and women receive less coverage
- Sports may become too heavily reliant on money from sponsorship and media
What are three positives of sponsorship and media on the spectator?
- Makes it easier to watch and support your team
- Provides spectator with enhanced viewing experience with different angles that they may not receive IRL
- Provides information about results, fixtures and rankings
What are three negatives of sponsorship and media on the spectator?
- More people stay at home to watch matches instead of spending money on tickets
- When timings of events are changed in order to meet media needs the viewer may not be able to watch
- Subscriptions are quite expensive for live broadcasts
What are the two positives of sponsorship and media on the sponsor itslef?
- Sponsor’s name is linked with high status sports, performers and activities
- Sponsor’s brand recieves high levels of exposure
What are the one negative of sponsorship and media on the sponsor itself?
If the performer being sponsored is hit with a scandal, the brand’s reputation becomes weakened
What is hawkeye and what sports is it used in?
Technology used in order to track the flight of the ball, usually used in tennis and cricket
What are performance analysis aids?
These include wearable technology that allows performers to gather information related with their performance like distance travelled
What are video assistant referees and what sports is it used in?
Officials used in order to check and confirm decisions made by on-field referees usually used in football, rugby and cricket
What are the two positives of technology on the performer?
- Analysis aids can allow performers to improve performance with information gained during matches
- Performers can challenge referees decisions and allow them to be reviewed
What are the two negatives of technology on the performer?
- Equipment is very expensive so decisions may not be accurate
- Too many reviews can cause a negative psychological impact on the performer
What are the two positives of technology on the sport?
- Makes competition more fair as decisions are more accurate
- Garuntees decisions made are correct
What is the negative of technology on the sport?
Too many reviews can slow down play and annoy fans, performers and officials
What are the three positives of technology on the officials?
- Provides officials with extra assistance when making decisions
- Officials can communicate with each other via michrophones and earpieces
- Reinforces correct decisions by officials
What are the two negatives of technology on the officials?
- Can undermine officials if a poor decision is flagged by technology
- Officials may become too reliant on technology to make decisions
What is the positive of technology on the sponsor?
Ensures fair play within the sport which puts the company in a good image
What is the negative of technology on the sponsor?
Only available at highest levels of sport
What is the definition for etiquette?
A convention or unwritten rule in an activity that is’nt enforced but is usually observed
What is the definition for sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
What is the definition for gamesmanship?
Attemting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to their limits
What is the contract to compete?
An unwritten agreement between opponents to follow the written and unwritten rules of the sport
What are performance enhancing drugs and what can they do?
Chemical substances that alter the biochemical balance in the body affecting the performer’s ability giving them an advantage over opponents
What are the three PED groups?
Prohibited substances, prohibited methods and legally prescribed drugs
What do stimulants do?
Have an affect on the central nervous system that increases mental and physical alertness
What do narcotic analgesics do?
Reduce the feeling of pain
What do anabolic steroids do?
They mimic testosterone promoting muscle and bone growth reducing recovery time
What do peptide hormones do?
Stimulate the production of naturally ocurring hormones
What does erythropoietin do?
Increases red blood cell count and therefore the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
What do diuretic drugs do?
Increase rate of urination
What is does blood doping do?
Increases red blood cell count so oxygen carrying capacity increases
What do beta blockers do?
Controls the heart rate to have a calm and relaxing effect
What are the three perceived advantages of taking PED’s?
- Increased chance of success
- Fame and fortune
- Some think taking PED’s levels the playing field
What are three disadvantages of taking PED’s?
- If caught it leads to bans and prize money being taken
- The performers reputation is irreparably damaged
- Sponsorships lost immediately
What is home-field advantage?
Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings with the majority of spectators supporting you
What are three advantages of spectators at matches?
- Create energetic atmosphere
- Increase the image and profile of the sport
- A source of high revenue for the team
What are three disadvantages of spectators at matches?
- They put high amounts of pressure on performers
- They can cause unsafe conditions and sometimes perform hooliganism
- Can cost the club lots of money to ensure the safety for everybody
What is hooliganism?
The disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events
What are three reasons that hooliganism happens?
- Rivalries between clubs and teams
- Under the influence of alcohol or drugs
- Displays of masculinity such as kicking and punching
What are the 7 strategies that have been introduced to prevent hooliganism?
Early kick offs
All seater stadia
Segregation of fans
Improved security
Alcohol restrictions
Travel restrictions or bans
Educating spectators
