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AP PSYCH > Chapter 5 - Sensations > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sensations Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

perception

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2
Q

analysis that beings at the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

A

bottom-up processing

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3
Q

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations

A

top-down processing

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4
Q

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

A

psychophysics

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5
Q

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

A

absolute threshold

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6
Q

predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimuli (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on persons experience, expectations, motivations, and level of fatigue

A

signal-detection theory

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7
Q

below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

subliminal

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8
Q

the activation often unconsciously, of certain associations, this predisposing ones perception , memory or response

A

priming

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9
Q

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 % of the time.

A

difference threshold

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10
Q

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not constant)

A

webers law

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11
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant motion

A

sensory adaption

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12
Q

conversation of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights,sounds and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

A

transduction

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13
Q

the distance from one peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short blips to cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

A

wavelength

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14
Q

the dimensions of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; that we know as the color of blue, green and so fourth

A

hue

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15
Q

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness. as determined by the waves amplitude

A

intensity

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16
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

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17
Q

the ring of muscles tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

iris

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18
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus on images on the retina

A

lens

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19
Q

the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

accommodation

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20
Q

the light - sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that’s begin the processing the visual information

A

retina

21
Q

the sharpness of vision

A

acuity

22
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

A

rods

23
Q

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and the function in daylight or in well lit conditions. the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

A

cones

24
Q

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

sensation

25
Q

nerve that cries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

26
Q

point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye

A

blind spot

27
Q

central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

A

fovea

28
Q

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus - shape,angle,or movement

A

feature detectors

29
Q

processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneous brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, inc,using vision

A

parallel processing

30
Q

blue, red, green produce every color

A

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

31
Q

opposing color; blue/yellow, white/black, red/green

A

opponent process theory

32
Q

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

color constancy

33
Q

the sense or act of hearing

A

audition

34
Q

number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

frequency

35
Q

chamber between the eardrum and cochlea. 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) concentrates on vibrations of the eardrum of the cochleas oval window

A

middle ear

36
Q

coiled, bones, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

cochlea

37
Q

cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

A

inner ear

38
Q

pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated
how we hear HIGH pitched sounds

A

place theory

39
Q

rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matchs the frequency of tone
LOW pitched sounds

A

frequency theory

40
Q

cause by damage to the mechanical systems that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

conduction hearing loss

41
Q

caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or the auditory nerves
aka aging

A

sensorineural hearing loss

42
Q

device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

cochlear implant

43
Q

spinal cored contains ‘gate’ that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. ‘gate’ is opened by the activity of pan signals traveling up small nerve fibers and closed the brain

A

gate-control theory

44
Q

principle that one sense may influence another

A

sensory interaction

45
Q

system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

kinesthesis

46
Q

sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

vestibular sense

47
Q

tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

A

pitch

48
Q

phenomenon where sense become joined

A

syngethsia

AP PSYCH (5 decks)

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