Chapter 5 Section 2 and 3 Flashcards
What is a modulator?
A ligand that binds to an allosteric protein to induce a conformational change.
What is an homotropic modulator?
Normal ligand and modulator are identical.
Define Heterotropic modulator
A molecule is other than the normal ligand.
Which two end products do hemoglobin carries?
H+ and CO2
What carbonic anhydrase does?
It catalyzes the hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate.
Explain the Bohr Effect.
The Bohr effects describe the effect of pH and CO2 on the binding and release of O2 by hemoglobin.
Which structural effects favor the state?
The effects of H+ and CO2 binding to hemoglobin
What hemoglobin does when O2 concentration is high?
Hemoglobin binds Oxygen and releases H+
What hemoglobin does when O2 concentration is low?
Hemoglobin releases Oxygen and binds to H+
What is the function of 2,3 Bisphoglycerate?
Regulates the oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
Stabilizes the T state.
Greatly reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
Provide one example of a heterotropic allosteric modulator.
2,3 BPG
What is an immune response?
A coordinated set of reactions among many classes of proteins, molecules, and cell types.
Disntiguishes self from “nonself” and destroys nonself.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
The major class of antibodies.
Describe the structure of immunoglobin molecule IgG
Monomer.
Consists of two heavy chains and two light chains.
What are the 5 basic classes of immunoglobulins?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
Where does the structural difference exist between the types of immunoglobulins?
Exists in the heavy chain.
Approximately how many types of different antibodies are present in your blood?
Hundred million (10^8)
Select the statements that describe how HIV can survive the immune response of its host.
HIV actively infects and destroys the host helper T cells.
Mutations affecting the viral protein coat disguise HIV variants from the immune system.
Why does rigor mortis occur following ATP depletion after death invertebrates?
ATP is required to dissociate myosin from actin.
What single amino acid substitution causes sickle cell anemia?
Glu to Val
What happens to deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin?
Becomes insoluble and forms polymers that aggregate.
What do vaccines do?
Teaches the immune system what the viral particles look like, stimulating the production of memory cells
What is an antigen?
Molecule or pathogen capable of eliciting an immune response.
Where do antibodies or T cell receptors bind?
Epitope
What is the function of an Fc receptor?
When Fc receptor bind an antibody pathogens complex, macrophages engulf the complex.
What is a Western Blot?
Immunoblot. Uses antibodies to detect a protein.
Describe myosin and what they form.
Has 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains. They form thick filaments when aggregated
Describe actin and what they form.
Monomeric and forms thin filaments.
What are the components of a muscle?
Each actin monomer in the thin filament binds to one myosin head group.
