Chapter 5 Section 2 and 3

Question 1

What is a modulator?

Answer 1

A ligand that binds to an allosteric protein to induce a conformational change.

Question 2

What is an homotropic modulator?

Answer 2

Normal ligand and modulator are identical.

Question 3

Define Heterotropic modulator

Answer 3

A molecule is other than the normal ligand.

Question 4

Which two end products do hemoglobin carries?

Answer 4

H+ and CO2

Question 5

What carbonic anhydrase does?

Answer 5

It catalyzes the hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate.

Question 6

Explain the Bohr Effect.

Answer 6

The Bohr effects describe the effect of pH and CO2 on the binding and release of O2 by hemoglobin.

Question 7

Which structural effects favor the state?

Answer 7

The effects of H+ and CO2 binding to hemoglobin

Question 8

What hemoglobin does when O2 concentration is high?

Answer 8

Hemoglobin binds Oxygen and releases H+

Question 9

What hemoglobin does when O2 concentration is low?

Answer 9

Hemoglobin releases Oxygen and binds to H+

Question 10

What is the function of 2,3 Bisphoglycerate?

Answer 10

Regulates the oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
Stabilizes the T state.
Greatly reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Question 11

Provide one example of a heterotropic allosteric modulator.

Answer 11

2,3 BPG

Question 12

What is an immune response?

Answer 12

A coordinated set of reactions among many classes of proteins, molecules, and cell types.

Disntiguishes self from “nonself” and destroys nonself.

Question 13

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Answer 13

The major class of antibodies.

Question 14

Describe the structure of immunoglobin molecule IgG

Answer 14

Monomer.

Consists of two heavy chains and two light chains.

Question 15

What are the 5 basic classes of immunoglobulins?

Answer 15

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

Question 16

Where does the structural difference exist between the types of immunoglobulins?

Answer 16

Exists in the heavy chain.

Question 17

Approximately how many types of different antibodies are present in your blood?

Answer 17

Hundred million (10^8)

Question 18

Select the statements that describe how HIV can survive the immune response of its host.

Answer 18

HIV actively infects and destroys the host helper T cells.

Mutations affecting the viral protein coat disguise HIV variants from the immune system.

Question 19

Why does rigor mortis occur following ATP depletion after death invertebrates?

Answer 19

ATP is required to dissociate myosin from actin.

Question 20

What single amino acid substitution causes sickle cell anemia?

Answer 20

Glu to Val

Question 21

What happens to deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin?

Answer 21

Becomes insoluble and forms polymers that aggregate.

Question 22

What do vaccines do?

Answer 22

Teaches the immune system what the viral particles look like, stimulating the production of memory cells

Question 23

What is an antigen?

Answer 23

Molecule or pathogen capable of eliciting an immune response.

Question 24

Where do antibodies or T cell receptors bind?

Answer 24

Epitope

Question 25

What is the function of an Fc receptor?

Answer 25

When Fc receptor bind an antibody pathogens complex, macrophages engulf the complex.

Question 26

What is a Western Blot?

Answer 26

Immunoblot. Uses antibodies to detect a protein.

Question 27

Describe myosin and what they form.

Answer 27

Has 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains. They form thick filaments when aggregated

Question 28

Describe actin and what they form.

Answer 28

Monomeric and forms thin filaments.

Question 29

What are the components of a muscle?

Answer 29

Each actin monomer in the thin filament binds to one myosin head group.