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BS453: Physiology > Chapter 5: Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

protrusions in the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

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2
Q

upper respiratory system is composed of

A

nose, pharynx, paranasal sinus

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3
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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4
Q

the () of the upper respiratory system is involved in both food intake and air intake

A

pharynx

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5
Q

group of 4 paired air-filled sinuses that surround the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

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6
Q

paranasal sinuses located above the eyes

A

frontal sinuses (frontal bone)

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7
Q

paranasal sinuses located behind the eyes

A

sphenoidal sinuses (sphenoid bone)

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8
Q

paranasal sinuses located under the eyes

A

maxillary sinuses (maxilla, bony palate)

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9
Q

paranasal sinuses located between the eyes

A

ethmoidal sinuses (ethmoid bone)

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10
Q

inflammation in the paranasal sinuses

A

sinusitis

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11
Q

common colds are caused by the ff. viruses

A
  1. rhinovirus
  2. coronavirus
  3. respiratory syncytial virus (SRV)
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12
Q

() can be used in early stage of influenza infection for treatment

A

tamiflu

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13
Q

tylenol ingredient: pain reliever and antipyretic

A

acetaminophen

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14
Q

tylenol ingredient: adrenergic beta2 receptor agonist -> nasal decongestant

A
  1. in US: phenylephrine HCl
  2. in Korea: Pseudoephedrine HCl
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15
Q

tylenol ingredient: cough suppressant

A

dextromethorphan HBr

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16
Q

tylenol ingredient (night-time only): 1st gen antihistamine for rhinorrhea and sneezing

A
  1. US: doxylamine succinate
  2. Korea: chlorpheniramine maleate
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17
Q

conducting zone of lower respiratory system

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachaea
  3. bronchi (up to terminal bronchioles only)
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18
Q

the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system starts from the ()

A

respiratory bronchioles

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19
Q

in the lung, pulmonary circulation vessels are located in the ()

A

hilum

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20
Q

connects respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

A

alveolar ducts

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21
Q

gas exchange occurs in alveolar ()

A

epithelium

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22
Q

inner surface of alveoli is coated with surfactant produced by ()

A

type II pneumocytes

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23
Q

surfactants prevent alveolar collapse by ()

A

decreasing surface tension

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24
Q

(1) is caused by the underdevelopment of type II pneumocytes in premature babies of gestational age (2)

A
  1. neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
  2. less than 37 weeks
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25
amount of air intake in deep inhale; roughly 3L
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
26
amount of air intake in regular breath
tidal volume (VT)
27
remaining volume in respiratory system after forced exhalation
forced vital capacity (FVC)
28
volume of air in conducting airways -> does not participate in gas exchange
anatomical dead space
29
total volume of airways and lungs that don't participate in gas exchange; includes a functional dead space in alveoli
physiological dead space
30
a nonzero value of dead space represents
amount of "wasted" ventilation
31
total rate of air movement into and out of lungs
minute ventilation
32
minute ventilation corrected for physiologic dead space
alveolar ventilation
33
increased ventilation rates cause decrease in (), which may cause light-headedness and fainting
[CO2] in blood (more O2 is brought in, washing out CO2 and leading to decrease in PCO2)
34
why is the relationship between alveolar ventilation and PCO2 inversely proportional
the higher the alveolar ventilation, the more CO2 is pulled from blood -> lower PaCO2 and PACO2
35
why is FEV1 decreased in obstructive pulmonary diseases
increased compliance means it's harder to breathe out
36
obstructive pulmonary diseases are characterized by ()
decreased FEV1/FVC (decrease in FEV1 is larger than decrease in FVC)
37
restrictive pulmonary diseases are characterized by ()
increased or same (but with lower FEV1 and FVC) FEV1/FVC
38
why would FEV1 increase in restrictive pulmonary disease
decreased compliance -> harder to breath in (less air in lungs to begin with)
39
the ff muscles contract during inspiration
1. external intercostal muscles 2. diaphragm
40
the () contract to either raise or lower sternum and ribs
internal and external intercostal muscles
41
from the alveolar ventilation equation, if CO2 production is constant, then ()
PACO2 is determined by alveolar ventilation
42
from the alveolar ventilation equation, arterial PCO2 equals the alveolar PCO2 because ()
CO2 always equilibrates between pulmonary capillary blood and alveolar gas
43
physiologic dead space is calculated from
1. VT 2. CO2 in expired air 3. CO2 in arterial blood (=CO2 in alveolus)
44
combined action of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in increase in ()
intrathoracic volume
45
at the end of () is the most comfortable for the muscles of the respiratory system
expiration
46
during forced expiration, the ff muscles contract to force air out of respiratory system
1. internal intercostal muscles 2. transversus thoracis muscle
47
indication of distensibility -> how easily the lung expands
compliance
48
factors affecting compliance
1. connective tissue structure of lungs 2. level of surfactant production (inversely proportional to surface tension) 3. mobility of thoracic cage
49
intrapleural pressure must be () than intrapulmonary pressure to allow lung expansion
less
50
phenomenon where slopes of the relationships for inspiration and expiration are different
hysteresis
51
hysteresis is mainly due to presence of ()
surface tension
52
negative intrapleural pressure is created by 2 opposing forces
1. elastic properties of lung - tendency to collapse 2. elastic properties of chest wall - tendency to expand/spring out
53
caused by injury to chest wall that penetrates parietal pleura OR rupture of alveoli that breaks through visceral pleura
pneumothorax
54
why does pneumothorax cause difficulty breathing
air accumulated in pleural cavity -> liquid bond between pleural layers breaks -> elastic fibers of lungs are allowed to recoil
55
term for collapsed lung
atelectasis
56
when volume in the lung is greater than FRC:
- lung and chest wall system wants to collapse - lung compliance dominates
57
when volume in lung is less than FRC:
- lung and chest wall system wants to expand - chest wall compliance dominates
58
disease characterized by increased lung compliance and caused by loss of elastic fibers in the lungs
emphysema
59
emphysema is a component of ()
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
60
in a patient with emphysema, (1) > (2), which results in (increased/decreased) FRC
1. tendency to expand 2. tendency to collapse 3. increased
61
disease associated with stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance
pulmonary fibrosis
62
in a patient with pulmonary fibrosis, (1) > (2), resulting in (increased/decreased) FRC
1. tendency to collapse 2. tendency to expand 3. decreased
63
Law of Laplace: collapsing pressure on alveolus is:
1. directly proportional to surface tension of liquid lining on alveolus 2. inversely proportional to alveolar radius
64
the Law of Laplace points out that surfactant is especially important to ()
smaller alveoli (smaller r -> stronger collapsing P)
65
predicts importance of airway radius in determining airway resistance
Poiseuille's Law
66
factors that affect airway resistance
1. autonomic nervous system stimulation 2. lung volume 3. viscosity of inspired air
67
parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptors in lung results in ()
bronchconstriction
68
sympathetic stimulation of adrenergic beta2 receptors in the lung results in ()
bronchodilation
69
decreased lung volume results in (increased/decreased) airway resistance due to (2)
1. increased 2. interdependence of alveoli
70
interdependence of alveoli causes alveoli to hold their neighbors open by:
1. traction 2. mechanical tethering
71
alveolar pressure is (positive/negative) during inspiration -> helps (2)
1. negative 2. draw air in
72
contraction of expiratory muscles during forced expiration causes intrapleural pressure to become ()
less negative (positive in normal individual)

BS453: Physiology (6 decks)

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