Chapter 1: Cellular Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
boundary between ECF and ICF
A
cell membrane
2
Q
components of ECF
A
plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF), other body fluids (e.g. synovial fluid)
3
Q
boundary between plasms and ISF
A
capillary wall
4
Q
Gibss-Donnan ratio for anions
A
[in plasma]/[in ISF]
5
Q
Gibbs-Donnan ratio for cations
A
[in ISF]/[in plasma]
6
Q
major ions in ECF
A
Na+, Cl-
7
Q
major ions in ICF
A
K+, phosphates, negative charge from proteins
8
Q
type of membrane proteins that is embedded into the membrane via hydrophobic interactions
A
integral membrane proteins
9
Q
type of membrane protein that is loosely attached to the membrane via ionic interactions
A
peripheral proteins
10
Q
secondary active transport uses ()
A
Na+ gradient
11
Q
simple diffusion occurs via the membrane ()
A
lipids
12
Q
facilitated diffusion occurs via the membrane ()
A
proteins
13
Q
specialized aquaporins are found in the kidney to prevent ()
A
too much water loss via urine
14
Q
lipophilic membrane proteins that make the charges on opposite sides of the membrane equal
A
ionophore
15
Q
ionophore that is used to kill fungi by transporting K+ and disrupting RMP
A
myostatin
16
Q
ionophore that is used to kill bacteria by transporting K+ and disrupting RMP
A
valinomycin
17
Q
membrane protein that transports D-glucose into skeletal muscle and adipose cells
A
GLUT
18
Q
Ca2+ can come from ECF via (1) or interior of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)/ER via ()
A
- plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)
2.SR and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
19
Q
examples of cardiac glycosides
A
digoxin, digitoxin; collectively digitalis
20
Q
channels gated by a change in membrane potential
A
voltage-gated channels
21
Q
channels gated by the binding of extracellular or intracellular ligands
A
ligand-gated channels
22
Q
channels gated by mechanical stimuli (e.g. stretch)
A
mechanically-gated channels
23
Q
the K+ - ATP channel is inhibited by ()
A
increase in ATP
24
Q
upstroke of AP is sensitive to (1) or (2)
A
- tetrodotoxin (TTX)
- lidocaine
25
repolarization of AP is sensitive to ()
tetraethylammonium (TEA)
26
another AP cannot be initiated no matter how strong the stimulus
absolute refractory period
27
what causes the absolute refractory period
inactivation of Na+ channels
28
an AP can be initiated only if greater stimuli are applied
relative refractory period
29
to initiate an AP during the relative refractory period, the stimulus must overcome the ()
repolarization due to efflux of K+
30
ACh is synthesized from (1) and (2) via the (3)
1. acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
2. choline
3. choline acetyltransferase
31
ACh is broken down into (1) and (2) via the (3)
1. choline
2. acetate
3. acetylcholinesterase
32
agent that blocks ACh release from presynaptic terminals
botulinus toxin
33
agent that competes with ACh for receptors on motor end plate
Curare
34
example of AChE inhibitor
neostigmine
35
agent the blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminals
hemicholinium
36
narrow tubules that are continuous with the sarcolemma
transverse tubules (T tubules)
37
plasma membrane of muscle cells
sarcolemma
38
cytoplasm of muscle cells
sarcoplasm
39
endoplasmic reticulum of other cells; main function is to store Ca2+
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
40
a bundle of thick and thin filaments
myofibril
41
a triad in a skeletal muscle fiber consists of:
a T tubule surrounded by a pair of terminal cisternae (enlarged areas of the sarcoplasm)
42
the dark A band in sarcomeres consists of
1. M line
2. zone of overlap
3. bare zone
43
the light I band of sarcomeres consists of:
1. Z disk
2. Titin
44
myosin heads interact with thin filaments
cross-bridges
45
describe the structure of the thick filament in skeletal muscle
1 pair of heavy chains and 2 pairs of light chains
46
myosin head functions as (1) which is an enzyme that can break down (2) to (3)
1. ATPase
2. ATP
3. ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
47
the 2 types of actin in thin filaments are
1. G actin
2. F actin
48
the components of thin filaments are
1. actin
2. tropomyosin
3. troponin
49
cover the active sites on G-actin; prevents actin-myosin interaction
tropomyosin
50
binds tropomyosin, G-actin, and Ca2+
troponin
51
voltage sensor and L-type Ca2+ channel on the terminal cisternae
dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)
52
Ca2+ release channel on SR; opened via physical interaction with DHPRs
ryanodine receptors (RyR)
53
Ca2+ pump on the SR
SR and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
54
Ca2+ binding protein in the SR
calsequestrin
55
a single stimulus-contraction-relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber
twitch
56
the () must contract moderately rapidly to provide sufficient velocity of limb movement for running and jumping
gastrocnemius muscle
57
the () is concerned principally with slow contraction for continual, long-term support of the body against gravity
soleus muscle
58
refers to the staircase effect in the maximum tension of muscle during repeated stimulation
treppe
59
the stepwise rise in max. muscle tension during repeated stimulation is thought to result from a () in the sarcoplasm
gradual increase in Ca2+
60
the gradual increase in Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm during repeated stimulation results from () between contractions
the SERCA not having enough time to pump sarcoplasmic Ca2+ back into SR
61
characteristics of sarcomere at maximum tension
1. zone of overlap is large
2. thin filaments don't extend across the sarcomere's center (M line)
62
- measuring tension of muscle at a fixed length of muscle
- muscle as a whole is not changed from a present length
- tension produced never exceeds the load
isometric contraction
63
preset length of muscle before contraction
preload
64
tension developed by simply stretching a muscle to different lengths
passive tension
65
tension developed when a muscle is stimulated to contract at different preloads
total tension
66
total tension is the sum of active tension developed by () and the ()
1. cross-bridge cycling in the sarcomeres
2. passive tension caused by stretching the muscle
67
represents the active force developed during cross-bridge cycling
active tension
68
active tension is determined by subtracting (1) from (2)
1. passive tension
2. total tension
69
tension rises to meet the resistance and remains constant as skeletal muscle length changes
isotonic contraction
70
type of isotonic contraction where muscle tension exceeds the load and muscle shortens
concentric contraction
71
type of isotonic contraction where the peak tension developed by muscle is less than the load; muscle elongates due to the contraction of another muscle or the pull of gravity
eccentric contraction
72
in smooth muscle, SR forms ()
loose network
73
due to absence of myofibrils, sarcomeres, and T tubules, smooth muscle is described as ()
non-striated
74
organization of thick and thin filaments in smooth muscle
1. thick filaments are scattered throughout sarcoplasm
2. thin filaments are attached to dense bodies
75
analog to troponin-C in smooth muscle thin filaments
calmodulin bound to Ca2+
76
what can stop increases of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in smooth muscle
1. repolarization/hyperpolarization that causes inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
2. inhibition of IP3 production
77
myosin arrangement in skeletal muscle
bipolar arrangement
78
myosin arrangement in smooth muscle
side polar arrangement
79
the 3 different ways that Ca2+ is removed from the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells
1. SERCA
2. PMCA
3. Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger
80
upper motor neurons of the somatic NS are located in the () of the brain
primary motor cortex
81
the somatic NS is in charge of (1) motor movement and thus is under (2)
1. voluntary
2. conscious control
82
collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral NS; serve as synaptic relay stations between neurons
ganglia
83
the autonomic NS controls (1) movement; it also controls and modulates the functions of primarily (2)
1. involuntary
2. visceral organs
84
2 main types of neurons in the ANS
1. preganglionic neurons
2. postganglionic neurons
85
all autonomic preganglionic neurons release (1), and are thus classified as (2)
1. acetylcholine (ACh)
2. cholinergic
86
the cell bodies (somas) of preganglionic neurons are found in the () nervous system
central
87
somas of postganglionic neurons are found in ()
autonomic ganglia
88
sites of neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and release in postgangionic neuron innervations at effector organs
varicosities
89
varicosities are analogous to () in neuromuscular junctions
presynaptic nerve terminals
90
the sympathetic (aka 1) division of the ANS produces the body's (2) response
1. thoracolumbar
2. fight or flight
91
sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from (1) and (2) segments of the spinal cord
1. thoracic
2. superior lumbar
92
major locations of sympathetic ganglia
1. sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia)
2. collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)
3. adrenal medulla
93
the superior cervical ganglion is found in the ()
sympathetic chain
94
3 types of collateral ganglia
1. celiac ganglia
2. superior mesenteric ganglia
3. inferior mesenteric ganglia
95
the adrenal medulla is a specialized sympathetic ganglion whose preganglionic neurons originate from the () segment of the SC
thoracic
96
the adrenal medulla postganglionic neurons release (1) into the (2) of the body
1. catecholamines
2. general circulation
97
postganglionic axons of the adrenal medulla travel along the () to reach the adrenal gland
greater splanchnic nerve
98
what are the catecholamines (and their proportions) released by adrenal medulla postganglionic neurons
1. epinephrine (80%)
2. norepinephrine (20%)
99
release of norepinephrine by adrenal medulla postganglionic neurons is due to presence of (), which is absent in other sympathetic postganglionic neurons
PNMT (phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase)
100
the superior cervical ganglia project to the ff. effector organs
1. eyes
2. salivary gland
101
the celiac ganglia project to the ff. organs
1. stomach
2. small intestine
102
the superior mesenteric ganglia project to the ff. organs
1. small intestine
2. (upper) large intestine
103
the inferior mesenteric ganglia project to the ff. organs
1. lower large intestine
2. anus
3. bladder
4. genitalia
104
sympathetic postganglionic fibers originating from the sympathetic chain travel either via:
1. spinal nerves
2. sympathetic nerves
105
spinal nerves project to:
1. body wall
2. upper and lower limbs
3. head and neck
106
sympathetic nerves innvervate:
1. thoracic organs
2. eyes
3. salivary glands
107
preganglionic neurons release ACh, which bind to () receptors on postganglionic neurons
nicotinic
108
most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release epinephrine, which binds to () on effector organs
adrenoreceptors
109
sympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic in () ONLY
thermoregulatory sweat glands
110
thermoregulatory sweat glands have () receptors, to which ACh from postganglionic neurons binds
muscarinic
111
classical and nonclassical neurotransmitters are released from () located in varicosities
small dense-core vesicles
112
the parasympathetic (aka 1) division of the ANS is responsible for the (2) state of the body
1. craniosacral
2. rest or digest
113
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the (1) or (2)
1. brain stem (3 regions: midbrain, Pons, medulla)
2. sacral segments of SC
114
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travel thru the ff. cranial nerves:
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagus nerve)
115
parasympathetic ganglia are located ()
near, on, or in effector organs
116
list of parasympathetic ganglia
1. ciliary ganglia
2. pterygopalatine ganglia
3. submandibular ganglia
4. otic ganglia
117
in the parasympathetic NS, both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are ()
cholinergic
118
receptor for parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
nicotinic
119
receptor for parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
muscarinic
120
adrenergic receptors are () receptors
G protein-coupled
121
2 main classes of adrenergic receptors
1. alpha
2. beta
122
adrenergic receptor that is involved in:
1. vasoconstriction
2. closure of sphincters along digestive and urinary tract
alpha1
123
adrenergic receptor that is involved in: inhibiting neuronal activity
alpha2
124
alpha1 proteins bind to () proteins
Gq
125
alpha2 proteins bind to () proteins
Gi
126
beta-adrenergic receptors all bind to () proteins
Gs
127
adrenergic receptor involved in: increasing heart rate and (cardiac) muscle contractility
beta1
128
adrenergic receptor that is involved in: bronchodilation
beta2
129
adrenergic receptor that is involved in: facilitating lipolysis (breaking down triglycerides in adipocytes)
beta3
130
2 main types of cholinergic receptors
1. nicotinic
2. muscarinic
131
cholinergic receptor that:
1. acts as ligand-gated ion channels in postsynaptic membrane
2. is found in autonomic postganglionic neurons and somatic neuromuscular junctions
nicotinic
132
G protein-coupled receptor found in cholinergic neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic NS
muscarinic receptors
133
odd-numbered muscarinic receptors (M1, M3, M5) bind to () proteins
Gq
134
even-numbered muscarinic receptors (M2, M4) bind to () proteins
Gi
