Chapter 5 Pt. 2 - The Variations of Consciousness

Question 1

What is insomnia?

Answer 1

Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning

Question 2

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 2

Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods

Question 3

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 3

Frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep

Question 4

What are parasomnias?

Answer 4

Disorders causing unusual and undesirable physical events or experiences that happen just before you fall asleep, while sleeping, or waking up

Question 5

What are some examples of parasomnias?

Answer 5

Night terrors, sleepwalking, exploding head syndrome, bedwetting

Question 6

What kinds of chemicals do psychoactive drugs contain?

Answer 6

Chemicals like those found naturally in our brains?

Question 7

What do psychoactive drugs alter in the brain?

Answer 7

Alters neurotransmitter activity; may increase release of specific neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft or interfere with reuptake so that neurotransmitters stay in the synapse longer

Question 8

Which area of the brain when activated increases the production and release of dopamine? And thought to be the neural basis of the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs?

Answer 8

The “reward” pathway

Question 9

What is tolerance in drug use?

Answer 9

More of the drug is needed to achieve intoxication

Question 10

What is withdrawal in drug use?

Answer 10

Physical symptoms when drug usage is stopped or reduced

Question 11

What is a physical dependence on drugs?

Answer 11

The drug is used to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 12

What is a psychological dependence on drugs?

Answer 12

Drug use is motivated by cravings

Question 13

What kind of drugs are used for pain relief in a medical setting? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 13

Narcotics; relaxation, anxiety reduction, and pain relief

Question 14

What kind of drugs are used for sleep issues, anxiety, and pain relief? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 14

Sedatives; relaxation, anxiety reduction, pain relief

Question 15

What kind of drugs are used for hyperactivity, inattention, and narcolepsy? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 15

Stimulants; elation, excitement, increased alertness and energy, reduced fatigue

Question 16

What kind of drugs are used for treatment of depression, anxiety, and PTSD? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 16

Hallucinogens; increased sensory awareness, euphoria, altered perceptions, hallucinations, insightful experiences

Question 17

What kind of drugs are used for glaucoma, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and chronic pain? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 17

Cannabis; relaxation, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness

Question 18

What kind of drugs have no usage medically? And what are its desired effects?

Answer 18

Alcohol; relaxation, reduced anxiety and inhibitions

Question 19

What are potential short-term side effects of taking narcotics or sedatives?

Answer 19

Drowsiness, nausea, impaired coordination and mental function, constipation

Question 20

What are potential short-term side effects of taking stimulants?

Answer 20

High blood pressure, irritability, insomnia, reduced appetite, anxiety, paranoia, increased aggressiveness, panic

Question 21

What are potential short-term side effects of taking hallucinogens?

Answer 21

Drowsiness, severely impaired coordination and mental functioning, emotional swings, anxiety, panic

Question 22

What are potential short-term side effects of taking cannabis?

Answer 22

Elevated heart rate, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth, reduced short-term memory, sluggish functioning, anxiety

Question 23

What are potential short-term side effects of taking alcohol?

Answer 23

Severely impaired coordination and mental functioning, emotional swings, depression, aggression, hangover