Chapter 5 pt 2 Flashcards
Viruses are only ___________________ they are only able to reproduce within cells
Obligate intracellular parasite
A virus must bind to a specific receptor on the surface as the 1st step of _____________
Infection
The _______ cycle is an efficient way for a virus to rapidly increase its numbers
Lytic
In the __________ cycle, the prophage gets reproduce everytime the cells gets reproduce & the prologue later gets activated & enters the lytic cycle
Lysogenic
Transduction
When the presence of new DNA codes for a trait that the newly infected host did not previously have
Productive cycle
Is similar to the lytic cycle but doesn’t destroy the host cell (since the virus exits by budding through the host cell membrane)
In the animal virus Lysogenic cycle the dormant form of the viral genome is called a _____________
Provirus
+ RNA Viruses
Must encode RNA - dependent RNA poly
A piece of single stranded viral RNA which serves as mRNA is called _____________ & as soon as the _____________ genome is in the host cell, the host ribosome begins to translate it which creates a viral protein (the viral genome acts directly as mRNA )
+ RNA
- RNA Viruses
Must carry RNA dependent RNA poy ( & encode it too)
The genome of - RNA virus is ________________ to the piece of RNA that encodes viral proteins (the genome of a L - ) RNA virus is the template for viral mRNA production)
Complementary
Retroviruses must encode ______________
Reverse transcriptase
_________________ make DNA from RNA through the enzyme reverse transcriptase
Retrovirsues (ex. HIV)
________________ DNA viruses often encode enzymes required for dNTP synthesis & DNA replication involved in DNA synthesis
Double-stranded DNA
_________ are responsible for a class of diseases in mammals referred to as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Prions
________ disease can also be genetically linked through mutation in the gene that codes for the ________ protein
Prion
___________ are also sub particle viruses that affect plants
Viroids
______________ are found in prokaryotic cells & ____________ is a circular piece of double-stranded DNA which is smaller than the genome
Plasmid (referred to as extrachromosomal genetic elements)
The enzyme lysozyme destroys the peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall resulting in an osomatically fragile structure called a _______________
Protoplast
Some bacteria contain the ____________ which makes bacteria more difficult for immune system cells to eradicate
Capsule
A bacterium that has 1 or more flagella is __________
Motile
Monotrichous bacteria
Have a flagella at only one end
Amphitrichous bacteria
Have a flagellum at both ends
Peritrichous bacteria
have multiple flagella
Mesophiles
Are bacteria that favor mild temp (30C)
Thermophiles
Bacteria that can survive at high temp up to 100C
Psychrophiles
Bacteria that thrive at very low temp
Bacterial lawn
Dense growth of bacteria on a petri dish & a plaque is a clear area on the lawn
Auxotroph bacteria
A bacterium that can’t survive on a minimal medium & need a lot of it on there
Tolerant anaerobes
Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen but don’t use it in their metabolism
Obligate anaerobes
Are poisoned by oxygen
_____________ is glucose catabolism with an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen
Respiration
______________ is glucose catabolism which doesn’t use an electron acceptor such as O2
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose metabolism with electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation relying on an external acceptor other than O2
In conjugation, bacteria that have F factor are __________ & will transfer the F factor to female cells
Male (F+)
Bacteria that don’t contain the F factor are __________ & will receive the F factor from male cells to become male
Female (F-)
Conjugation occurs between ______ & ______
F+ & F-
When an ______ cell performs conjugation replication of the F factor DNA occurs as in F + cells with the extrachromosomal F factor
Hfr
