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MCAT Biology (Mine) > Chapter 5: Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses are ____________________ parasites, where they are only able to reproduce within cells

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

Viruses can’t ______________________ on their own they need a host body

A

Reproduce

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3
Q

Viruses may contain either ________ or RNA that is either single or double-stranded & is either linear or circular

A

DNA

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4
Q

What factor affects viruses regardless of the nucleic acid use as its genome?

A

Size (thier exterior shell is a fixed size & doesn’t expand)

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5
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Is a virus that infects bacteria & its host

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6
Q

Caspid

A

Is a protein that surrounds the viral nucleic acid genome (helical capsids are rod shape & polyhedral capsid are multiple sided geometric figures)

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7
Q

A viral genome is located within the capsid ________

A

Head

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8
Q

The tails & base plate of a virus does what?

A

Attach to the surface of the host cell

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9
Q

The sheath (middle part of the virus) does what?

A

Contracts using the energy of stored ATP, injecting the genome into the host

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10
Q

The viral capsid is composed of protein, while the viral genome is composed of _______________

A

Nucleic Acid DNA or RNA

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11
Q

Animal viruses have an _________ that surrounds its capsid & they achieved it by a process called budding through the host cell membrane

A

Envelope

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12
Q

Naked viruses

A

Viruses that don’t have an envelope (all phages & plant viruses)

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13
Q

Basically describe the process of how the virus commands the host cells to reproduce the virus

A

The first step is binding to the exterior of a bacterial cell in a process called attachment )or adsorption) then the next step is injection of the viral genome into the host cell in a process called penetration (eclipse) & then after that the phage goes into either one of its cycles

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14
Q

What are the two types of phage life cycles?

A
  1. Lytic cycle
  2. Lysoengenic cycle
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15
Q

Describe the steps that occur in the lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment of phage to E. coli & injection of phage chromosome
  2. Breakdown of bacterial chromosomes by phage-specific enzyme
  3. Bacterial chromosomes has totally broken down
  4. Replication of phage chromosome using bacterial materials & phage enzymes
  5. Expression of phage genes to produce phage structural components
  6. Assembly of progeny phage particles
  7. Release of progeny phage by lysis of bacterial wall
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16
Q

What are the steps in the lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. The phage binds to the bacterium
  2. The phage DNA enters the host cell
  3. The phage DNA integrates & becomes a noninfective prophage
  4. Chromosome with integrated prophage replicates
  5. In rare cases the prophage may separate & the cell will be induced to lyse
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17
Q

Many animal viruses go through the same process as regular viruses of attachment, penetration, & injection, however animal viruses enter the cell through _______________

A

Endocytosis (process where the host cell engulfs the virus & internalize it)

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18
Q

Many animal viruses go through the same process as regular viruses of attachment, penetration, & injection, however animal viruses enter the cell through _______________

A

Endocytosis (process where the host cell engulfs the virus & internalize it) & its uncoated inside the cell

19
Q

Animal viruses can goes through the lytic, lysogenic, or the ___________________________

A

lytic -like (productive cyle)

20
Q

The productive cyle is like the lytic cycle but it doesn’t _____________ the cell

A

destroy

21
Q

In the animal virus lysogenic cycle the dormant form of the viral genome is called a ___________

A

Provirus

22
Q

+ RN Viruses (single-stranded RNA genome) must encode __________________________ RNA polymerase to copy RNA genome for viral replication

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

23
Q
  • RNA viruses must carry ________________________ RNA polymerase (also encodes it too)
A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

24
Q

Retroviruses

A

Must encode reverse transcriptase

25
Q

Double-stranded DNA viruses

A

Often encode enzymes required for dNTP synthesis & DNA replication

26
Q

What is a prion?

A

A prion is a misfolded disease-causing protein, as subviral particles, prions are not living but can cause nearby proteins to fold into incorrect conformation

27
Q

What is a Viroid?

A

A viroid is a disease-causing molecule of single-stranded RNA. The smallest of the subviral particles viroids generally infects plants & alters transcription of their genes

28
Q

Gram positive stains what color?

A

Purple

29
Q

Gram negative stain what color?

A

Pink

30
Q

The ____________ in bacteria makes the bacteria ore difficult for immune system cells to eradicate

A

Capsule

31
Q

A bacterium which has one or more flagella is said to be ________

A

motile

32
Q

Bacteria may be _______________ meaning they have a flagellum at only one end

A

Monotrichous

33
Q

Bacteria can be ________________ meaning they have a flagellum at both ends

A

amphitrichous

34
Q

Bacteria can also either be _____________ meaning they have multiple flagella

A

peritrichous

35
Q

______ are long projections on the bacterial surface involved in attaching to different surfaceswhere the sex pilius is a special pilius attaching F+ (male) & F- (female) bacteria to facilitate the formation of conjugations bridges

A

Pili

36
Q

What are mesophile bacteria

A

Moderate temperature loving bacteria (30C)

37
Q

What are thermophile bacteria?

A

Heating loving bacteria (100C)

38
Q

What are psychrophiles bacteria?

A

Bacteria that thrive in low temp (oC)

39
Q

What are the four types of bacteria?

A
  1. Chemoautotrophs
  2. Chemoheterotrophs
  3. Photoautotrophs
  4. Photoheterotrophs
40
Q

Chemoautroptrophs bacteria

A

Build organic macromoleucles from O2 using the energy of chemicals

41
Q

Chemoheterotrophs bacteria

A

Require organic molecules such as glucose made by other organism as their carbon source & for energy (humans)

42
Q

Photoautrophs bacteria

A

Use only CO2 as a carbon souce & obtain their energy from the sun

43
Q

Photoheterotrophs bacteria

A

Get their energy from the sun

MCAT Biology (Mine) (5 decks)

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