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Sport Nutrition > Chapter 5 Proteins > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

basic structural component of proteins

A

amino acids

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2
Q

what distinguishes protein build from carbs, fats, and alcohol

A

nitrogen

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3
Q

what is the nitrogen content of an amino acid

A

16 percent

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4
Q

how many amino acids does the body use to make proteins

A

20

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5
Q

the differences in amino acid ___ play critical roles in the functions of the proteins

A

structures

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6
Q

how many of the amino acids are considered indispensible

A

9

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7
Q

why are some amino acids considered indispensible

A

the body cannot manufacture them

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8
Q

what makes 11 of the amino acids dispensible

A

they are naturally created by the liver

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9
Q

how many of the 11 amino acids are considered conditionally indispensible

A

6

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10
Q

why are some amino acids considered conditionally indispensible

A

because during periods of stress, the body cannot manufacture a sufficient amount

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11
Q

what determines protein quality

A

the amounts and types of amino acids and the extent to which the amino acids are absorbed

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12
Q

Who determines the current recommendation for protein quality

A

Food and Agricultural organization of the United Nations

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13
Q

What score determines protein quality

A

digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)

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14
Q

indispensable amino acids are found in lower concentration in what form of protein

A

plant protein

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15
Q

complete proteins- contain all indispensable amino acids

A

animal proteins

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16
Q

incomplete proteins

A

plant proteins

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17
Q

greatest concern for indispensable amino acids

A

lysine, threonine, cyseine and methionine

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18
Q

combining 2 or more incomplete proteins

A

complementary proteins

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19
Q

two or more amino acids combined

A

peptide

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20
Q

specifically, two amino acids

A

dipeptide

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21
Q

three amino acids

A

tripeptide

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22
Q

four or more amino acids

A

polypeptide

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23
Q

protein and _____ are use interchangeably

A

polypeptide

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24
Q

_____ and _____ are terms commonly used when discussing digestion and absorption

A

dipeptide and tripepetide

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25
Q

polypeptides are synthesized on ___

A

ribosomes- organelles found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of cells

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26
Q

the ___ strucutre of a polypeptide determines how a protein functions

A

primary

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27
Q

what structure affects the shape of the protein

A

secondary- result of bonding of amino acids that are close to each other

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28
Q

The third level of structure (tertiary) is the result of

A

interactions of amino acids that are located far away from each other

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29
Q

What structure levels creates a loop

A

third

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30
Q

quaternary level structure involves more than one ____

A

polypeptide- like insulin

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31
Q

body proteins are classified in ___ major categories

A

five

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32
Q

what are the 5 major categories of body proteins

A

enzymes, hormones, structural proteins, transport proteins, and immune system proteins

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33
Q

enzymes are ____

A

polypeptides

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34
Q

enzymes are needed to ___ reactions

A

catalyze- speed up

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35
Q

what is the purpose of enzymes

A

regulate the speed of chemical reactions- like metabolizing nutrients

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36
Q

hormones act as chemical messengers to regulate __ ____

A

metabolic reactions

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37
Q

____ is the most abundant amino acid in the amino acid pool

A

glutamine

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38
Q

where is glutamine synthesized

A

skeletal muscle

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39
Q

sarcopenia

A

muscle wasting

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40
Q

milk proteins are rich in ___

A

leucine- stimulator of signaling proteins within skeletal muscle cells

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41
Q

structural proteins include the proteins of ___ and ____ tissue

A

muscle and connective tissue

42
Q

proteins of the skin, hair, and nails

A

structural

43
Q

hemoglobin

A

transport protein- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

44
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport proteins- carry lipids through the body

45
Q

cells that produce antibodies

A

lymphocytes

46
Q

majority of amino acids absorbed with remain where

A

liver

47
Q

absorption of amino acids takes place primarily where

A

middle and lower small intestine

48
Q

what does teh hydrochloric acid (Hcl) in the gastric jucie do to the protein

A

denatures it- changes the structure

49
Q

what does HCl activate that breaks down polypeptides

A

pepsin- an enzyme

50
Q

what are the preferred amino acids that peptin breaks down

A

leucine and tryptophan

51
Q

how are amino acids absorbed

A

through energy dependent active transport through the presence of sodium and hydrogen ions

52
Q

how do amino acids leave the cell

A

passive transport- will enter the blood through this

53
Q

where does protein absorption take place

A

small intestine

54
Q

two thirds of amino acids are absorbed in what form

A

dipeptides or tripeptides

55
Q

____ amino acids are absorbed more frequently

A

indispensible

56
Q

what does predigested protein mean

A

it is hydrolyzed and can be absorbed faster

57
Q

exogenous

A

originate from outside the body

58
Q

endogenous

A

originating inside the body

59
Q

amino acids that are not incorporated into cellular proteins will be released into the blood via ___

A

the portal vein - liver

60
Q

branched chain amino acids

A

leucine, isoleucine and valine

61
Q

where do BCAA go

A

through the plasma and are taken up by skeletal muscle

62
Q

what percentage of amino acids will be absorbed in the liver after a meal

A

50-60 percent

63
Q

protein turnover

A

the flux in amino acids in the amino acid pool that changes through exercise food and breaking down/building of muscle tissue

64
Q

how much energy in the resting metabolism is expended each day synthesizing and degrading proteins

A

10-25 percent

65
Q

anabolic

A

building complex for molecules from simple ones

66
Q

catabolic

A

breaking down of complex molecules into simple ones

67
Q

the use of protein for energy is what kind of process

A

catabolic

68
Q

deamination

A

removal of the amino group from the amino acid

69
Q

what is the remaining compound after an amino group is removed

A

alpha-keto acid- carbon skeleton

70
Q

transamination

A

transfer of an amino group to another carbon skeleton-amino acid is formed

71
Q

____ allows the liver to manufacture dispensable amino acids from indispensable amino acids

A

transamination

72
Q

albumin

A

protein that circulates in the blood to help transport nutrients to tissues

73
Q

a ___ state occurs when the synthesis of proteins is greater than their breakdown

A

anabolic

74
Q

what is the kcal/g of protein

A

4 kcal/g

75
Q

protein sparing effect

A

sufficient caloric intake in the form of carbs and fat

76
Q

how many amino acids are broken down to yield energy from muscle cells

A

leucine, isoleucine, and valine, aspartate, asparagine, and glutamate

77
Q

proteolysis

A

breakdown of muscle

78
Q

break down of muscle (proteolysis) is stimulated by what stress hormone

A

cortisol- secreted in the adrenal glands

79
Q

endurance exercise utilizes what amino acid

A

leucine

80
Q

what percentage of total energy comes from amino acids

A

3-5%

81
Q

how many amino acids can be converted into glucose

A

18- leucine and lysine cannot

82
Q

what is produced as a result of protein catabolism

A

ammonium

83
Q

on average an adult body turns over about ___ g of protein a day

A

300 g- 1-2 percent of total protein is degraded per day

84
Q

at least __ g of nitrogran is excreted per day

A

5 g= 30 g of protein

85
Q

nitrogen balance

A

difference between total nitrogen (protein intake) and total nitrogen loss ( urine and feces)

86
Q

in growth state what is the nitrogen balance in the body

A

positive and positive net protein balance

87
Q

labile protein reserve

A

reserve of amino acids in the liver and other organs known as viscerla tissues

88
Q

DRI for adults for protein is what

A

.8 grams of protein per kilgram of body weight daily

89
Q

general recommendation for protein intake in trained athletes is

A

1.2-2.0 g/kg/day

90
Q

what are the two assumption made for recommendations of protein intake in trained athletes?

A
  • total energy intake is adequate

- quality of protein is good

91
Q

protein rec for recreattional athletes training at moderate intensity several times a wekk

A

1.0 g/kg/d

92
Q

bodybuilder protein intake

A

2.5-3.5 g/kg

93
Q

percent of protein in total calorie intake

A

10-35%

94
Q

percent of protein total calorie intake for endurance, strength, and strength with increase muscle mass

A

endurance- 10-155
strength - 15-20%
strength bulk- 20-30%

95
Q

anabolic window

A

1-2 hours after exercise

96
Q

leucine trheshold

A

concentration of muslce intracellular leucine that is associated with maximal mps

97
Q

leucine is high in what

A

whey products- milk

98
Q

what is the importance of protein right after workout

A

reverse catabolic reaction- helps build and support skeletal muscle

99
Q

max protein synthesis amount after exercise

A

20-25 g

100
Q

dehydration can results from excess protein intake why

A

additional water is needed to metaboliz protein

101
Q

post protein consumption amount

A

.25 to .3 g.kg- focus on whey and leucine

Sport Nutrition (2 decks)

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