Chapter 5 Pre Test Flashcards
Which of the following is not considered part of the integument (skin)?
hypodermis
papillary layer of the dermis
reticular layer of the dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
The integumentary layer consisting of 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes that are bound together by desmosomes is the:
stratum spinosum.
Which of the following does not occur when blood flow to the skin decreases?
cyanosis
Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide.
Oxygen levels in tissues decline.
Hemoglobin turns a dark red.
Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide.
Which type of fiber in the dermis is very strong and resists stretching?
collagen fibers
Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane contains capillary loops that assist in thermoregulation?
papillary layer of the dermis
Contractile cells that squeeze exocrine glands of the skin and discharge the accumulated secretion are which of the following?
myoepithelial cells
Which nail structure is known as the cuticle?
eponychium
As humans age, the reduction in which of the following may decrease the sensitivity of the immune response?
dendritic cells
Which of the following substances is/are produced by the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum?
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
calcitriol
cholecalciferol
growth hormone (GH)
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Which event likely occurs at one week after skin injury?
Bleeding and mast cell activation occur.
The cells of the stratum basale migrate to the edges of the wound.
Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the blood clot disintegrates.
The scab has been shed and the epidermis is complete.
Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the blood clot disintegrates.
What substance protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent?
keratin
Cells have stopped dividing and have started making large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin by the time they reach which layer?
stratum granulosum
The epidermis is dominated by
, which form several layers, or strata.
keratinocytes
The stratum spinosum contains
cells, which participate in the immune response by stimulating a defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis.
Langerhans (dendritic)
The primary pigments involved in skin coloration are
, an orange-yellow pigment, and melanin, a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment.
carotene
The dermis consists of two layers: the
layer, which consists of a highly vascularized areolar tissue with all of the typical cell types within it; and the reticular layer, which consists of an interwoven meshwork of dense, irregular connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers.
papillary
During the
phase, the hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair.
right answer feedback:
resting
Sebaceous glands secrete
, which coats the hair shaft and surrounding epidermal surfaces, providing lubrication.
sebum
Near the nail root, the dermal blood vessels may be obscured, leaving a pale crescent area known as the
.
lunula
In the elderly, merocrine sweat glands become less active, and, with impaired perspiration, older people cannot
heat as fast as younger people.
lose
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates
activity and collagen synthesis.fibroblast
A
is a raised, thickened mass of scar tissue that begins at the site of injury and grows into the surrounding dermis.
keloid
Red blood cells become trapped at the surface of injury to temporarily restore the integrity of the epidermis.
scab
Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network
Granulation tissue
Inflexible, noncellular formation of fibrous tissue when it replaces severely damaged hair follicles, sebaceous or sweat glands, muscle cells, and nerves
scar tissue
Raised, thickened mass of inflexible, noncellular fibrous tissue that begins at the site of injury and grows into the surrounding dermis
keloid
Due to decreased dermal blood flow, the skin takes on a bluish color.
cyanosis
Originates in the stratum basale, due to mutations caused by overexposure to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight
basal cell carcinoma
Cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.
Malignant melanoma
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
Substance required for stimulating normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine
calcitriol
Condition that results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones due to vitamin D3 deficiency
rickets
Which structures are significant in that they greatly increase the surface area for attachment of the epidermis to the dermis?
dermal papillae
Melanosomes travel within the processes of melanocytes and are transferred intact to which structures?
keratinocytes
Which of the following structures, located in the papillary layer of the dermis, are receptors sensitive to delicate (“fine”) touch?
Meissner’s corpuscles (aka tactile corpuscles)
Describe the INTERNAL root sheath of a hair follicle
- The sheath surrounds the deep portion of the shaft.
- The cells disintegrate quickly.
- The layer does NOT extend the entire length of the hair follicle.
Hair follicle also includes EXTERNAL root sheath and glassy membrane
The glassy membrane is a thickened, clear basal lamina.
The arrector pili consists of:
smooth muscle.
Describe sebacious glands and follicles
They are located on the face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia.
They can secrete onto the skin surface.
They can secrete into hair follicles.
(They are NOT merocrine glands.)
Nails become pitted and distorted as a result of psoriasis, a condition marked by rapid stem cell division in which layer?
stratum basale
Why do men and women aged 90–100 tend to look similar?
due to altered hair and fat distribution, with comes with aging
Which of the following circulating substances maintain normal blood flow to the subpapillary plexus?
thyroid hormones
Compared to the tissue it replaces, over time, scar tissue is:
less vascular.
Epidermal cells rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from
within the dermis.
capillaries
Epidermal cells rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from
within the dermis.
capillaries
The most common form of skin cancer is a
_____ _____, which originates in the stratum basale and is due to mutations caused by overexposure to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. (3 words)
basal cell carcinoma
The lines of
are established, at any location in the body, by the collagen and elastic fibers, which are arranged in parallel bundles oriented to resist the forces applied to the skin during normal movement.
cleavage
aka cleavage lines, tension lines
In a hair follicle, a mass of epithelial cells forms a cap, called the hair bulb, that surrounds a small hair
, a peg of connective tissues containing capillaries and nerves.
papilla
________ sweat glands are found in the axillae, around the nipples, and in the pubic region, where they secrete into hair follicles.
apocrine
The free edge of the nail, the distal portion that continues past the nail bed, extends over the
hyponychium
Match the epidermal cell/cell component to its functional characteristic. Melanin Merkel cell Keratin Dendritic cell
Melanin = Provides the DNA of epidermal cells some protection against the effects of UV radiation
Merkel cell = Sensitive to touch; scattered among the basal cells
Keratin = Protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent
Dendritic cell = Participates in the immune response by stimulating a defense against superficial skin cancers as well as microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis
A layer that is often dominated by adipose tissue
Hypodermis
Sensory nerve terminal that monitors Merkel cells
Tactile disc
Consists of an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers
Reticular layer
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Receptor that is sensitive to deep pressure and vibration
Papillary layer
Consists of a highly vascularized areolar tissue with all of the typical cell types within it
Match the hair follicle’s structural component to its description.
p.194
Hair matrix = Germinative cells in this area produce the hair.
Medulla = Consists of daughter cells formed at the center of the hair matrix
Cortex = An intermediate layer of cells deep to the cuticle
Root hair plexus = Network of sensory nerves surrounding the base of each hair follicle
Hair root = Consists of daughter cells formed at the center of the hair matrix
Cuticle = Germinative cells in this area produce the hair.
Match the age-related change to its cause(s) or effect(s).
p. 199
Thinning dermis = Weaker and less resilient integument, resulting in sagging and wrinkling
Fewer melanocytes = More likely to experience sunburn
Fewer active follicles = Thinning, finer hair
Thinning epidermis = Increased tendency for injury, skin tears, and skin infections
Drier epidermis = Decreased sebaceous gland secretion
Match the hormone to its integumentary function(s). p 200
Growth factors = Stimulate cell growth and cell division
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) =
Stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands
Thyroid hormones = Maintain normal blood flow to the papillary plexus
Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) = Reduce the effectiveness of the epidermis as a barrier to infection
Sex hormones = Increase the number of dendritic cells that provide defense against cancer cells and pathogens
Growth hormones (GH) = Stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis
Match the cross-sectional layer or feature of a hair follicle to its structural description.
Hair cortex - Contains thick layers of hard keratin
Internal root sheath - Its cells disintegrate quickly, and this layer does not extend the entire length of the hair follicle.
Glassy membrane - A thickened, clear basal lamina (basement membrane)
External root sheath - Consists of epithelial cells and extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix
Hair cuticle - Thin, but very tough area that contains hard keratin
Hair medulla - Core that contains a flexible soft keratin
Which gland functions in thermoregulation?
eccrine sweat gland (merocrine)
The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called __________.
sebum
The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.
p.190
erythema
Which type of gland produces earwax?
Ceruminous gland
Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.
second-degree
Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?
Sebaceous gland
Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?
armpits, nipples, and pubic region
Hair turns gray or white because of __________.
decreased melanocyte activity
Accessory structures of the skin include the __________.
hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands
What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?
p. 195
Type of melanin present
Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss?
burns
What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?
Root hair plexus
Deep to the epidermis, each follicle is wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath. A root hair plexus of sensory nerves surrounds the base of each hair follicle. As a result, you feel the movement of the shaft of even a single hair. This sensitivity provides a warning system that may help prevent injury. But it also tells you when your hair is out of place.
The hair bulb is the bulging base of a hair follicle, and is where hair production begins.
The hair matrix is the layer of epithelial cells that produces the hair.
The hair papilla is connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves and is surrounded by the hair bulb.
How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?
In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.
When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________.
*an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin
When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin.
A decrease in blood flow to the skin and a decrease in sweat gland activity would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.
An increase in blood flow to the skin and a decrease in sweat gland activity would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.
An increase in sweat gland activity and a decrease in blood flow to the skin would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.
The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are __________.
terminal hairs
Terminal hairs are large, coarse, often darkly pigmented hairs, such as those on the scalp or armpit.
Vellus hairs are smaller, shorter, more delicate hairs found on the general body surface.
Full-thickness or third-degree burns are the most serious. Which of the following is not a major concern in the treatment and repair of these types of burns?
*Excessive blood loss
Skin functions affected are:
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- Temperature regulation
- Preventing infection
What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?
Dermis and epidermis
The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________.
a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary and reticular layers
In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?
Stratum basale and stratum spinosum
Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves __________.
to cool the surface of the skin, to reduce body temperature, and to dilute harmful chemicals
What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?
Areolar and adipose
In thick skin, what is the thickest (most cell layers) stratum of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
What is the water-resistant, fibrous protein that fills the cells of the outer layers of the epidermis and helps slow dehydration?
Keratin
An important function of the hypodermis is to __________.
stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues
Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?
A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.
Which of the following layers is composed of adipose and areolar tissues and is the site where subcutaneous injections are given?
hypodermis
The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?
The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.
The adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs a variety of functions. Which function does the adipose tissue not perform?
Strengthening the hypodermis
Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________.
the different levels of melanin synthesis
skin color differences are due to the AMOUNT of melanin produced, not the number of melanocytes
The integumentary system has a protective function. From which of the following does the skin not protect us?
Ultraviolet radiation
*Pressure and pain stimuli
Large temperature changes
Fluid loss
What are the two basic factors that interact to produce skin color?
circulation and pigment concentration
What is the correct order of strata from the basement membrane to the free surface of the epidermis?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Which type of cell is the most abundant epithelial cell in the body and dominates the cellular composition of the epidermis?
Keratinocyte
What is the first step of integument repair following an injury?
Bleeding and inflammation
The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.
scar tissue
A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.
Langerhans cells
The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the __________.
migratory phase
The scab temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and holds the edges of the wound together. The clot is a mass of fibrin fibers. This is the framework for repair. Division of fibroblasts and mesenchyme cells produce mobile cells that invade the deeper areas of the injury to begin reestablishing the dermis. This invasion constitutes the migratory phase.
