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BIO151 Mastering A&P > Chapter 5 Pre Test > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Pre Test Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not considered part of the integument (skin)?

hypodermis

papillary layer of the dermis

reticular layer of the dermis

epidermis

A

hypodermis

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2
Q

The integumentary layer consisting of 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes that are bound together by desmosomes is the:

A

stratum spinosum.

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3
Q

Which of the following does not occur when blood flow to the skin decreases?

cyanosis

Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide.

Oxygen levels in tissues decline.

Hemoglobin turns a dark red.

A

Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide.

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4
Q

Which type of fiber in the dermis is very strong and resists stretching?

A

collagen fibers

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5
Q

Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane contains capillary loops that assist in thermoregulation?

A

papillary layer of the dermis

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6
Q

Contractile cells that squeeze exocrine glands of the skin and discharge the accumulated secretion are which of the following?

A

myoepithelial cells

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7
Q

Which nail structure is known as the cuticle?

A

eponychium

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8
Q

As humans age, the reduction in which of the following may decrease the sensitivity of the immune response?

A

dendritic cells

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9
Q

Which of the following substances is/are produced by the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum?

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

calcitriol

cholecalciferol

growth hormone (GH)

A

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

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10
Q

Which event likely occurs at one week after skin injury?

Bleeding and mast cell activation occur.

The cells of the stratum basale migrate to the edges of the wound.

Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the blood clot disintegrates.

The scab has been shed and the epidermis is complete.

A

Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the blood clot disintegrates.

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11
Q

What substance protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent?

A

keratin

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12
Q

Cells have stopped dividing and have started making large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin by the time they reach which layer?

A

stratum granulosum

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13
Q

The epidermis is dominated by

, which form several layers, or strata.

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

The stratum spinosum contains
cells, which participate in the immune response by stimulating a defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis.

A

Langerhans (dendritic)

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15
Q

The primary pigments involved in skin coloration are

, an orange-yellow pigment, and melanin, a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment.

A

carotene

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16
Q

The dermis consists of two layers: the
layer, which consists of a highly vascularized areolar tissue with all of the typical cell types within it; and the reticular layer, which consists of an interwoven meshwork of dense, irregular connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers.

A

papillary

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17
Q

During the
phase, the hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair.
right answer feedback:

A

resting

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18
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete

, which coats the hair shaft and surrounding epidermal surfaces, providing lubrication.

A

sebum

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19
Q

Near the nail root, the dermal blood vessels may be obscured, leaving a pale crescent area known as the
.

A

lunula

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20
Q

In the elderly, merocrine sweat glands become less active, and, with impaired perspiration, older people cannot
heat as fast as younger people.

A

lose

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21
Q 
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates   
    activity and collagen synthesis.
A

fibroblast

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22
Q

A

is a raised, thickened mass of scar tissue that begins at the site of injury and grows into the surrounding dermis.

A

keloid

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23
Q

Red blood cells become trapped at the surface of injury to temporarily restore the integrity of the epidermis.

A

scab

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24
Q

Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network

A

Granulation tissue

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25
Q

Inflexible, noncellular formation of fibrous tissue when it replaces severely damaged hair follicles, sebaceous or sweat glands, muscle cells, and nerves

A

scar tissue

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26
Q

Raised, thickened mass of inflexible, noncellular fibrous tissue that begins at the site of injury and grows into the surrounding dermis

A

keloid

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27
Q

Due to decreased dermal blood flow, the skin takes on a bluish color.

A

cyanosis

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28
Q

Originates in the stratum basale, due to mutations caused by overexposure to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight

A

basal cell carcinoma

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29
Q

Cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

A

Malignant melanoma

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30
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

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31
Q

Substance required for stimulating normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine

A

calcitriol

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32
Q

Condition that results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones due to vitamin D3 deficiency

A

rickets

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33
Q

Which structures are significant in that they greatly increase the surface area for attachment of the epidermis to the dermis?

A

dermal papillae

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34
Q

Melanosomes travel within the processes of melanocytes and are transferred intact to which structures?

A

keratinocytes

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35
Q

Which of the following structures, located in the papillary layer of the dermis, are receptors sensitive to delicate (“fine”) touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (aka tactile corpuscles)

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36
Q

Describe the INTERNAL root sheath of a hair follicle

A
  • The sheath surrounds the deep portion of the shaft.
  • The cells disintegrate quickly.
  • The layer does NOT extend the entire length of the hair follicle.

Hair follicle also includes EXTERNAL root sheath and glassy membrane
The glassy membrane is a thickened, clear basal lamina.

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37
Q

The arrector pili consists of:

A

smooth muscle.

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38
Q

Describe sebacious glands and follicles

A

They are located on the face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia.

They can secrete onto the skin surface.

They can secrete into hair follicles.

(They are NOT merocrine glands.)

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39
Q

Nails become pitted and distorted as a result of psoriasis, a condition marked by rapid stem cell division in which layer?

A

stratum basale

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40
Q

Why do men and women aged 90–100 tend to look similar?

A

due to altered hair and fat distribution, with comes with aging

41
Q

Which of the following circulating substances maintain normal blood flow to the subpapillary plexus?

A

thyroid hormones

42
Q

Compared to the tissue it replaces, over time, scar tissue is:

A

less vascular.

43
Q

Epidermal cells rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from
within the dermis.

A

capillaries

44
Q

Epidermal cells rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from
within the dermis.

A

capillaries

45
Q

The most common form of skin cancer is a
_____ _____, which originates in the stratum basale and is due to mutations caused by overexposure to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. (3 words)

A

basal cell carcinoma

46
Q

The lines of
are established, at any location in the body, by the collagen and elastic fibers, which are arranged in parallel bundles oriented to resist the forces applied to the skin during normal movement.

A

cleavage

aka cleavage lines, tension lines

47
Q

In a hair follicle, a mass of epithelial cells forms a cap, called the hair bulb, that surrounds a small hair
, a peg of connective tissues containing capillaries and nerves.

A

papilla

48
Q

________ sweat glands are found in the axillae, around the nipples, and in the pubic region, where they secrete into hair follicles.

A

apocrine

49
Q

The free edge of the nail, the distal portion that continues past the nail bed, extends over the

A

hyponychium

50
Q 
Match the epidermal cell/cell component to its functional characteristic.
Melanin
Merkel cell
Keratin
Dendritic cell
A

Melanin = Provides the DNA of epidermal cells some protection against the effects of UV radiation

Merkel cell = Sensitive to touch; scattered among the basal cells

Keratin = Protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent

Dendritic cell = Participates in the immune response by stimulating a defense against superficial skin cancers as well as microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis

51
Q

A layer that is often dominated by adipose tissue

A

Hypodermis

52
Q

Sensory nerve terminal that monitors Merkel cells

A

Tactile disc

53
Q

Consists of an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers

A

Reticular layer

54
Q

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

A

Receptor that is sensitive to deep pressure and vibration

55
Q

Papillary layer

A

Consists of a highly vascularized areolar tissue with all of the typical cell types within it

56
Q

Match the hair follicle’s structural component to its description.

p.194

A

Hair matrix = Germinative cells in this area produce the hair.

Medulla = Consists of daughter cells formed at the center of the hair matrix

Cortex = An intermediate layer of cells deep to the cuticle

Root hair plexus = Network of sensory nerves surrounding the base of each hair follicle

Hair root = Consists of daughter cells formed at the center of the hair matrix

Cuticle = Germinative cells in this area produce the hair.

57
Q

Match the age-related change to its cause(s) or effect(s).

p. 199

A

Thinning dermis = Weaker and less resilient integument, resulting in sagging and wrinkling

Fewer melanocytes = More likely to experience sunburn

Fewer active follicles = Thinning, finer hair

Thinning epidermis = Increased tendency for injury, skin tears, and skin infections

Drier epidermis = Decreased sebaceous gland secretion

58
Q

Match the hormone to its integumentary function(s). p 200

A

Growth factors = Stimulate cell growth and cell division

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) =
Stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands

Thyroid hormones = Maintain normal blood flow to the papillary plexus

Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) = Reduce the effectiveness of the epidermis as a barrier to infection

Sex hormones = Increase the number of dendritic cells that provide defense against cancer cells and pathogens

Growth hormones (GH) = Stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis

59
Q

Match the cross-sectional layer or feature of a hair follicle to its structural description.

A

Hair cortex - Contains thick layers of hard keratin

Internal root sheath - Its cells disintegrate quickly, and this layer does not extend the entire length of the hair follicle.

Glassy membrane - A thickened, clear basal lamina (basement membrane)

External root sheath - Consists of epithelial cells and extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix

Hair cuticle - Thin, but very tough area that contains hard keratin

Hair medulla - Core that contains a flexible soft keratin

60
Q

Which gland functions in thermoregulation?

A

eccrine sweat gland (merocrine)

61
Q

The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called __________.

A

sebum

62
Q

The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.
p.190

A

erythema

63
Q

Which type of gland produces earwax?

A

Ceruminous gland

64
Q

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.

A

second-degree

65
Q

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

A

Sebaceous gland

66
Q

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

A

armpits, nipples, and pubic region

67
Q

Hair turns gray or white because of __________.

A

decreased melanocyte activity

68
Q

Accessory structures of the skin include the __________.

A

hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands

69
Q

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?

p. 195

A

Type of melanin present

70
Q

Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss?

A

burns

71
Q

What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?

A

Root hair plexus

Deep to the epidermis, each follicle is wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath. A root hair plexus of sensory nerves surrounds the base of each hair follicle. As a result, you feel the movement of the shaft of even a single hair. This sensitivity provides a warning system that may help prevent injury. But it also tells you when your hair is out of place.

The hair bulb is the bulging base of a hair follicle, and is where hair production begins.

The hair matrix is the layer of epithelial cells that produces the hair.

The hair papilla is connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves and is surrounded by the hair bulb.

72
Q

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?

A

In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.

73
Q

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________.

A

*an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin.

A decrease in blood flow to the skin and a decrease in sweat gland activity would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.

An increase in blood flow to the skin and a decrease in sweat gland activity would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.

An increase in sweat gland activity and a decrease in blood flow to the skin would cause a further rise in body temperature and movement away from homeostasis.

74
Q

The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are __________.

A

terminal hairs

Terminal hairs are large, coarse, often darkly pigmented hairs, such as those on the scalp or armpit.

Vellus hairs are smaller, shorter, more delicate hairs found on the general body surface.

75
Q

Full-thickness or third-degree burns are the most serious. Which of the following is not a major concern in the treatment and repair of these types of burns?

A

*Excessive blood loss

Skin functions affected are:

  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Temperature regulation
  • Preventing infection
76
Q

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

A

Dermis and epidermis

77
Q

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________.

A

a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

78
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular layers

79
Q

In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

A

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

80
Q

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves __________.

A

to cool the surface of the skin, to reduce body temperature, and to dilute harmful chemicals

81
Q

What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?

A

Areolar and adipose

82
Q

In thick skin, what is the thickest (most cell layers) stratum of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

83
Q

What is the water-resistant, fibrous protein that fills the cells of the outer layers of the epidermis and helps slow dehydration?

A

Keratin

84
Q

An important function of the hypodermis is to __________.

A

stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues

85
Q

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

A

A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.

86
Q

Which of the following layers is composed of adipose and areolar tissues and is the site where subcutaneous injections are given?

A

hypodermis

87
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

88
Q

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?

A

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

89
Q

The adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs a variety of functions. Which function does the adipose tissue not perform?

A

Strengthening the hypodermis

90
Q

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________.

A

the different levels of melanin synthesis

skin color differences are due to the AMOUNT of melanin produced, not the number of melanocytes

91
Q

The integumentary system has a protective function. From which of the following does the skin not protect us?

A

Ultraviolet radiation

*Pressure and pain stimuli

Large temperature changes

Fluid loss

92
Q

What are the two basic factors that interact to produce skin color?

A

circulation and pigment concentration

93
Q

What is the correct order of strata from the basement membrane to the free surface of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

94
Q

Which type of cell is the most abundant epithelial cell in the body and dominates the cellular composition of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte

95
Q

What is the first step of integument repair following an injury?

A

Bleeding and inflammation

96
Q

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.

A

scar tissue

97
Q

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

A

Langerhans cells

98
Q

The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the __________.

A

migratory phase

The scab temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and holds the edges of the wound together. The clot is a mass of fibrin fibers. This is the framework for repair. Division of fibroblasts and mesenchyme cells produce mobile cells that invade the deeper areas of the injury to begin reestablishing the dermis. This invasion constitutes the migratory phase.

BIO151 Mastering A&P (14 decks)

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