Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes - Intro to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

1.1 Briefly describe the difference between anatomy and physiology. p. 3

A

anatomy = structure, physiology = function

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2
Q

1.2 Describe how to use the text and art together to master learning. p. 4

A

study both the art and the text together to integrate the information for maximum comprehension

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3
Q

1.3 Explain how to approach complex concepts with multiple parts. p. 6

A

break down into parts

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4
Q

1.4 Describe the anatomical position and how you should view section images. p. 8

A

patient is standing erect, facing forward (anteriorly), arms at the side, and palms facing anteriorly. For cross-sectional views, orient yourself as though you are standing at the feet of the person and looking toward their head.

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5
Q

1.5 Explain the significance of learning outcomes in acquiring knowledge and skills. p. 9

A

Learning outcomes indicate what you should know after completing a chapter. They are based on a learning classification scheme - fundamental levels of learning from lower order thinking skills to higher order skills.

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6
Q

1.6 Describe homeostasis and identify basic study skill strategies to use in this course. p. 11

A
Homeostasis = a relatively stable internal environment. (homeo = same, stasis = standing)
Skill strategies =
1. Approach info in different ways
2. Set a study schedule
3. Practice memorization
4. Avoid shortcuts
5. Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions
6. Read lecture and lab assignments
7. Don't procrastinate
8. Seek assistance as needed
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7
Q

1.7 Describe the common characteristics of life and the basic processes in humans and other animals. p. 12

A
Characteristics:
Cells
Organization
Responsiveness
Regulation
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Metabolism
Processes:
Respiration
Digestion
Circulation
Excretion
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8
Q

1.8 Define anatomy and physiology, and describe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. p. 14

A

Anatomy (a cutting open) = study of structure; Physiology = study of function

macroscopic = examination of relatively large features; seen with the naked eye
microscopic = structures that can't be seen without magnification
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9
Q

1.9 Explain the relationship between structure and function. p. 16

A

A&P are interrelated. Anatomy affects function and physiology can only be fully understood in terms of underlying structural relationships.

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10
Q

1.10 Describe the various levels of organization in the human body. p. 19

A

Organism level
Organ System level (11 organ systems)
Organ level - 2 or more tissues working together
Tissue level - similar cells working together to perform 1 or more functions
Cellular level - functions depend on organelles, intracellular structures composed of various complex molecules
Chemical level - Atoms combine to form molecules

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11
Q

1.11 Describe various types of cells in the human body, and explain the basic principles of the cell theory. p. 20

A
Cell types:
Smooth muscle cells
Blood cells
Bone cells
Fat cells

Basic principles of cell theory:

  1. Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals.
  2. Cells are produced by the division of pre-existing cells
  3. Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.
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12
Q

1.12 Define histology and explain the interrelationships among the various types of tissues. p. 22

A

Histology = study of tissues

Types:
Epithelial tissue
- covers and protects exposed surfaces
- lines internal passageways and chambers
- produces glandular secretions
Connective tissue
- fills internal spaces
- provides structural support
- stores energy
- contains cells and an extracellular matrix consisting of fibers and ground substance
Muscle tissue
-contracts to produce active movement
Nervous tissue
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13
Q

1.13 Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body, and describe the major functions of each. p. 24

A
11 organ systems:
Integumentry
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Endocrine system - long term changes in organ systems (hormones)
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system - Defends agains infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to bloodstream
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
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14
Q

1.14 Describe the major organs of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 26

A

Integumentary: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature
- cutaneous membrane (dermis, epidermis), hair follicles hairs, sebaceous glands), sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, hypodermis (stores lipids, attaches skin to deeper structures)

Skeletal: Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms red blood cells
- bones (axial and appendicular skeleton), cartilages, joints

Muscular: Produces movement, provides support, generates heat
- skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular muscles), tendons, aponeuroses

Nervous: Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
- central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, special senses), peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

1.15 Describe the major organs of the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and respiratory systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 28

A

Endocrine: Directs long-term changes in other organ systems with HORMONES
- pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus (also in Lymphatic system), adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads (testes, ovaries)

Cardiovascular: Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, hormones, water, and gasses
- heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood

Lymphatic: Defends against infection and disease
- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus (also in Endocrine system)

Respiratory: Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
- nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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16
Q

1.16 Describe the major organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 30

A

Digestive: Process food and absorb nutrients
- mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine

Urinary: eliminate excess water, salt, and wastes
- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Reproductive: produce sex cells and hormones, support embryonic development from fertilization to birth

17
Q

1.17 Describe the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation. p. 33

A

Homeostatic regulation = adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

  • receptor/sensor (thermometer) effectER
  • control center (thermostat)
  • effectOR (air conditioning)
18
Q

1.18 Discuss the roles of negative feedback and positive feedback in maintaining homeostasis. p. 34

A

Negative feedback - effector activated by the control center opposes/NEGATES the original stimulus
ex. thermoregulatory control

Positive feedback - accelerates a process to completion; escalating cycle
ex. blood clotting, birth

19
Q

1.19 Describe the history of anatomical terminology. p. 37

A

most anatomical terms are based on Latin or Greek or are eponymous

20
Q

1.20 Use correct anatomical terms to describe superficial and regional anatomy. p. 38

A

Superficial anatomy = study of structures on the surface or shallow (as opposed to deep)
Regional anatomy = study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region

Necessary for effective communication in a medical setting

21
Q

1.21 Use correct directional terms and sectional planes to describe relative positions and relationships among body parts. p. 40

A
Directional terms:
Superior/Inferior
Lateral/Medial
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Cranial or Cephalic/Caudaul (think of coxxyx...)
Posterior or Dorsal/Anterior or Ventral

Sectional planes:

  • Frontal (coronal) plane - separates anterior/posterior
  • Sagittal plane - separates right/left; midsagittal or parasagittal
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane - separates superior/inferior; also called a cross-section
22
Q

1.22 Identify the major body cavities of the trunk and the subdivisions of each. p. 42

A

Thoracic cavity:

  • Right lung, Left lung (each in a pleural cavity, lined by pleura)
  • Heart
  • Mediastinum = connective tissue within thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity:

  • peritoneal cavity
  • retroperitoneal organs
  • infraperitoneal organs
  • pelvic cavity