Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes - Intro to A&P Flashcards
1.1 Briefly describe the difference between anatomy and physiology. p. 3
anatomy = structure, physiology = function
1.2 Describe how to use the text and art together to master learning. p. 4
study both the art and the text together to integrate the information for maximum comprehension
1.3 Explain how to approach complex concepts with multiple parts. p. 6
break down into parts
1.4 Describe the anatomical position and how you should view section images. p. 8
patient is standing erect, facing forward (anteriorly), arms at the side, and palms facing anteriorly. For cross-sectional views, orient yourself as though you are standing at the feet of the person and looking toward their head.
1.5 Explain the significance of learning outcomes in acquiring knowledge and skills. p. 9
Learning outcomes indicate what you should know after completing a chapter. They are based on a learning classification scheme - fundamental levels of learning from lower order thinking skills to higher order skills.
1.6 Describe homeostasis and identify basic study skill strategies to use in this course. p. 11
Homeostasis = a relatively stable internal environment. (homeo = same, stasis = standing) Skill strategies = 1. Approach info in different ways 2. Set a study schedule 3. Practice memorization 4. Avoid shortcuts 5. Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions 6. Read lecture and lab assignments 7. Don't procrastinate 8. Seek assistance as needed
1.7 Describe the common characteristics of life and the basic processes in humans and other animals. p. 12
Characteristics: Cells Organization Responsiveness Regulation Reproduction Growth and Development Metabolism
Processes: Respiration Digestion Circulation Excretion
1.8 Define anatomy and physiology, and describe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. p. 14
Anatomy (a cutting open) = study of structure; Physiology = study of function
macroscopic = examination of relatively large features; seen with the naked eye microscopic = structures that can't be seen without magnification
1.9 Explain the relationship between structure and function. p. 16
A&P are interrelated. Anatomy affects function and physiology can only be fully understood in terms of underlying structural relationships.
1.10 Describe the various levels of organization in the human body. p. 19
Organism level
Organ System level (11 organ systems)
Organ level - 2 or more tissues working together
Tissue level - similar cells working together to perform 1 or more functions
Cellular level - functions depend on organelles, intracellular structures composed of various complex molecules
Chemical level - Atoms combine to form molecules
1.11 Describe various types of cells in the human body, and explain the basic principles of the cell theory. p. 20
Cell types: Smooth muscle cells Blood cells Bone cells Fat cells
Basic principles of cell theory:
- Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals.
- Cells are produced by the division of pre-existing cells
- Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.
1.12 Define histology and explain the interrelationships among the various types of tissues. p. 22
Histology = study of tissues
Types: Epithelial tissue - covers and protects exposed surfaces - lines internal passageways and chambers - produces glandular secretions Connective tissue - fills internal spaces - provides structural support - stores energy - contains cells and an extracellular matrix consisting of fibers and ground substance Muscle tissue -contracts to produce active movement Nervous tissue
1.13 Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body, and describe the major functions of each. p. 24
11 organ systems: Integumentry Skeletal system Muscular system Endocrine system - long term changes in organ systems (hormones) Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system - Defends agains infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to bloodstream Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
1.14 Describe the major organs of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 26
Integumentary: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature
- cutaneous membrane (dermis, epidermis), hair follicles hairs, sebaceous glands), sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, hypodermis (stores lipids, attaches skin to deeper structures)
Skeletal: Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms red blood cells
- bones (axial and appendicular skeleton), cartilages, joints
Muscular: Produces movement, provides support, generates heat
- skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular muscles), tendons, aponeuroses
Nervous: Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
- central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, special senses), peripheral nervous system
1.15 Describe the major organs of the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and respiratory systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 28
Endocrine: Directs long-term changes in other organ systems with HORMONES
- pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus (also in Lymphatic system), adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads (testes, ovaries)
Cardiovascular: Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, hormones, water, and gasses
- heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood
Lymphatic: Defends against infection and disease
- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus (also in Endocrine system)
Respiratory: Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
- nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
1.16 Describe the major organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, and briefly describe their functions. p. 30
Digestive: Process food and absorb nutrients
- mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine
Urinary: eliminate excess water, salt, and wastes
- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Reproductive: produce sex cells and hormones, support embryonic development from fertilization to birth
1.17 Describe the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation. p. 33
Homeostatic regulation = adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
- receptor/sensor (thermometer) effectER
- control center (thermostat)
- effectOR (air conditioning)
1.18 Discuss the roles of negative feedback and positive feedback in maintaining homeostasis. p. 34
Negative feedback - effector activated by the control center opposes/NEGATES the original stimulus
ex. thermoregulatory control
Positive feedback - accelerates a process to completion; escalating cycle
ex. blood clotting, birth
1.19 Describe the history of anatomical terminology. p. 37
most anatomical terms are based on Latin or Greek or are eponymous
1.20 Use correct anatomical terms to describe superficial and regional anatomy. p. 38
Superficial anatomy = study of structures on the surface or shallow (as opposed to deep)
Regional anatomy = study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region
Necessary for effective communication in a medical setting
1.21 Use correct directional terms and sectional planes to describe relative positions and relationships among body parts. p. 40
Directional terms: Superior/Inferior Lateral/Medial Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Cranial or Cephalic/Caudaul (think of coxxyx...) Posterior or Dorsal/Anterior or Ventral
Sectional planes:
- Frontal (coronal) plane - separates anterior/posterior
- Sagittal plane - separates right/left; midsagittal or parasagittal
- Transverse (horizontal) plane - separates superior/inferior; also called a cross-section
1.22 Identify the major body cavities of the trunk and the subdivisions of each. p. 42
Thoracic cavity:
- Right lung, Left lung (each in a pleural cavity, lined by pleura)
- Heart
- Mediastinum = connective tissue within thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity:
- peritoneal cavity
- retroperitoneal organs
- infraperitoneal organs
- pelvic cavity
