Chapter 5 - Physical Security Flashcards
Layered defense model
Physical controls should work harmoniously in a tiered architecture
Life safety goals
Life safety comes before all else
Collusion
Two or more people working a fraudulent activity
Performance based approach
Devise metrics and measurements to determine effectiveness of systems
What are the categories of a security plan?
Deterrence Delaying Detection Assessment Response
Crime prevention through environmental design CPTED
Reducing crime by directly affecting human behavior in both macro and micro environments (think of Rob’s example in the mall)
Target Hardening
Focused on denying access through barriers and locks
Natural access control
Sidewalks lights landscaping bollards .. Physical obstruction and lighting
Control zones
Label of physical security areas such as controlled, restricted, public, sensitive
Natural surveillance
The use of uncovered pathways to increase pedestrian watchers and to decrease likelihood of crime
Natural territorial reinforcement
Using community local spirit and ownership to help encourage people to speak up .. The ‘this is my neighborhood’ ideal
Facility considerations
Visibility
Surrounding areas and emergency service proximity
Accessibility
Natural disasters
Light frame construction materials
Wooden frame generally used in houses.. Has a 30 minute fire rating before collapse.
Heavy timber construction materials
Think dense wood used for construction. Has a one hour fire rating
Incombustible materials
Often steel, better than wood, melts under intense heat still and can collapse
Fire resistant materials
This is the top quality, beams and supports are made with steel and encased in flame retardant like concrete and specific materials
Rebar
Steel rods in concrete used to make it more difficult to break through. The thickness and frequency of the rebar makes it vary in difficulty
What is the key thing to consider when you are choosing a construction material
The building is vulnerable at its weakest point
Mantrap
Dual authentication used to discourage piggybacking (should be only one person at a time)
Fail-safe vs fail-secure
Safe means power lose results in unlocked doors..
Secure means it is locked with power loss
What are the types of glass?
Standard - most fragile
Tempered - heated and cool strengthened
Acrylic - strongest but toxic in fire
Embedded wires and laminated glass
Used to strengthen windows using wires or plastic respectively
Internal partitions
Ceiling tiles.. Cubicals .. These should never be used to secure a room
Solar window film / security film
Solar film - used for tinting and reflection
Security film - laminating for strength
Positive pressure
Used to prevent contaminants from getting sucked into a critical space
Passive vs thermal locking
Passive will add additional locking based on vibration and thermal will add additional locks if heat is detected from a drill or torch
Online vs standby UPS
Online means the power the computers are receiving is from the batteries not the street
Standby means it has to switch power over at power loss
Fluorescent lights can cause?
RFI keep cables away from them and shield them
EMI
Caused by motors, can cause interference in the lines (these are called line interference)
In rush current
The sudden increase in electrical draw when devices gain power simultaneously causing a sag (lights go dim)
Surge
An excess of power caused by a major power event (lightning or power plant coming online)
Blackout
No power
Brownout
Long term reduction in voltage constant voltage transformers can protect against this
Noise
RFI and EMI cause interference .. can be avoided with line conditioner
Positive drain
Keeps contents flowing out
Hygrometer
Used to monitor humidity levels
What organization deals with fire resistance?
American society for testing and materials
Photoelectric device
Shoots a beam of light at a detector, smoke will obscure the light and set off an alarm often sampled from air drawn into a tube
What are the types of fire classes?
A - common - water/foam
B - liquid - gas/CO2/foam/dry powder
C - electrical - gas/CO2/dry powder
D - metals - dry powder
What 4 ways can you suppress a fire?
Soda acid - removes fuels
Carbon dioxide - removes oxygen
Water - reduces temperature
FM200 - interferes with the chemical reaction
Plenum areas
Areas where people can’t see, like inside a wall, dropped ceiling or raised floor. Only plenum rated cables should be used. Fire detectors should be present
What is the danger on HVAC in a fire?
Added oxygen and increased smoke distribution
What are the types of sprinkler systems?
Wet pipe
Dry pipe
Preaction
Deluge
Wet pipe
Also called closed head systems .. Water is already waiting in the pipes
Dry pipe
Air pressure is maintained in the pipes to keep the water out, once a fire alarm goes off the air pressure is reduced to open the water valve
Preaction
Just like dry pipe, but each head has a thermal fuse so only the necessary heads go off
Deluge
The heads are wide open and flood the place essentially
Warded lock
Basic padlock .. Used internal wards within the lock to prevent the key from turning unless shaped correctly
Tumbler lock
Spring loaded pins are arranged in a way that the notched key has to put just the right amount of pressure in each pin simultaneously
What are the types of tumbler ?
Pin - most common
Wafer - easily broken desk lock
Lever - ?
Combination locks
The correct number sequence will turn the internal wheels into the proper place
Cipher lock
Computer driven control. Passwords are changeable, secret duress codes can be put in, etc
Door delay
If a door is held open an alarm goes off
Key override
Emergency override for controls
Master key
Allows change of cipher passwords
Hostage alarm
Duress alarm
Smart locks
Log and track specific user access
Device locks
Device protection
Switch covers Cable locks (slot lock) Port controls Peripheral switch Cable trap
Tension wrench
Used to apply tension to pins that have been successfully picked, then used to open the lock
Raking
Applying quick upward pressure the they pins in a lock to get them in the right place, a smaller pick is used to adjust the ones not in place
What are he lock security levels?
Grade 1,2,3
1 - commercial/industrial
2 - heavy duty
3 - consumer
Lock bumping
Using a bump key to quickly jam the pins up and gain access
Piggybacking
Following others into an area without identifying with a logger individually
User activated readers
Use has to put in pin and thumbprint for example
System sensing access control readers / transponders
Obtains the access control authentication by scan without user interaction
Electronic Access Control tokens
Proximity readers locks and devices
How high should fence be if you are serious ?
8 ft minimum with barbed wire
What is a fence gauge ?
The thickness if the wire, same as wire gauge
PIDAS fencing
Vibration detection on a fence, causes many false alarms
What are the gate ratings?
Class 1-4
1 - residential
2 - commercial
3 - industrial
4 - restricted
Underwriters laboratory
Nonprofit organization that test and classifies devices fire suppression and construction materials
Light
Important, proper lighting without unlit spots is critical
Glare protection
Ensuring that lights do not blind unintended people
Continuous lighting
A string of lighting
Controlled lighting
Means that the lights do not bleed into unintended areas
Standby lighting
Used to automatically adjust lighting to make it seem like someone is there
Responsive area illumination
Linked with an IDS to turn on lights in suspect areas
Closed circuit tv
Used for surveillance using a multiplexor, recorder and tv
Charged coupled devices
Better known as CCD as in a camera CCD
Focal length
Different from cameras due to size of CCD .. 2.8mm is wide angle 8mm is telephoto
Irises
Aperture.. Comes in manual irises and automatic irises
Foot candle / lux
Illumination measurement.
1 foot candle is 10.76 lux
PTZ capabilities
Pan tilt zoom
Annunciator system
Used to highlight a screen when there is movement on a display to bring that to a guards attention
IDS
Intrusion detection system - devices used to detect movement, temp change, state changes, or waves in the environment
Electromechanical systems
Uses magnets, pressure plates, window foil to detect environmental changes
Photoelectric system
Detects the change in a light beam (laser)
Passive IR
Change in particle temperature indicates possible intrusion
Acoustical detection
Listens for sound changes
Vibration sensors
Used to detect forced entry
Wave pattern motion detectors
Use of ultrasonic or microwave to map a pattern in a room. If the pattern changes an alarm sounds
Proximity detector or capacitance detector
Detection of static electricity changes, typically on single object
