Chapter 5: Phylogeny and Ring of Life (part 1)

Question 1

evolutionary history of species or group of species

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

Branching Phylogenetic tree

Answer 2

depicts of evolutionary relationships

Question 3

scientific way of naming and classifying organisms

Answer 3

taxonomy

Question 4

binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

way of naming organisms

1st part: Genus 2nd part: Species

Question 5

taxonomic groups in order
remember pneumonic:
Dumb King Philip Came Over From Greater Spain

Answer 5

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speciation

Question 6

similarities due to common/shared ancestry

Answer 6

homologies

Question 7

2 types of homologies that are used to create phylogenies

Answer 7

morphological and molecular homologies

Question 8

similarity in structure
- ex: arrangement of bones
—-> humans, dogs, and whales’ forelimbs
—-> humans and chimpanzees

Answer 8

Morphological homology

Question 9

similarity in DNA sequence (and or in genome)

—-> computer programs (bioinformatics) and mathematical models helped analyze DNA segments from different organisms

Answer 9

Molecular homologies

Question 10

opposite of homology
- results from Convergent evolution (sugar glider and flying squirrel)

Answer 10

Analogy

Question 11

molecular sequences that evolved independently (not inherited or bc of common ancestry) because of similar environments and similar adaptions

also called homoplasies

Answer 11

Analogous structures

Question 11

Shared characters used to construct phylogenic tree

Answer 11

• shared ancestral character
• shared derived character

Question 12

shared ancestral character

Answer 12

character from ancestor
- backbones in mammals and with other non mammal vertebrates

Question 13

shared derived character

Answer 13

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.

so only shared by specific groups like just mammals

• hair in mammals

Question 14

used to predict features shared by 2 groups of closely related organisms are present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants (clade)

assumptions unless proven otherwise

Answer 14

Phylogenetic bracketing

Question 15

homologous structures found in 2 species or between species bc of speciation

Answer 15

orthologous species

Question 16

found within species (1 species)

-result from gene duplication, so they are found in more than one copy in same genome

-just like homologous genes, duplicated genes can be traced to common ancestor

Answer 16

Paralogous genes

Question 17

uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute evolutionary change

> are calibrated against branches whose dates are known from fossil records
—–> when did divergence happen (ave change in DNA)
—–> when mutations occur that resulted to speciation

basically time machine to trace birth of new species

Answer 17

Molecular clock

Question 18

nucleotide substitutions are proportional to time since the last shared common ancestor

Answer 18

Molecular clock and orthologous genes

Question 19

nucleotide substitutions are proportional to time since the genes became duplicated

Answer 19

Molecular clock and paralogous genes

Question 20

Two kingdoms to Three Domains of Life

Answer 20

early taxonomists classified all species as either plants or animals

> most recently the three-domain system has been adopted
—-> consists of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 21

• eukaryotes and archaea are more closely related to each other than to bacteria
• based largely on ribosomal RNA genes as these have evolved slowly

Answer 21

Tree of Life