Chapter 1: Transformation of Life on earth

Question 1

• Process of change has transformed life on earth from a simple to a very complex form.
• Defined as “descent with modification” and is known to happen via Natural selection.

Answer 1

Evolution (divergent)

Question 2

What is natures way of selecting the “best adapted organisms” in a population and promoting them to the next generation’s gene pool.

Answer 2

Natural Selection

Question 3

Organisms are those that tend to survive (longer) and reproduce more offsprings than others in a population.

Answer 3

“best adapted organisms”

Question 4

What results in specific alleles being passed to the next generation?

Answer 4

The differential success in organisms ability to survive

Question 5

How are those specific traits are advantaegous/favorable to organisms in the current environmental conditions?

Answer 5

The traits further confer the species and give them a better chance at survival and success.

Question 6

what makes a species?

Answer 6

they are a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and making viable, and fertile offspring.

Question 7

Why does Natural selection promote certain genes of better adpated organisms to the next generation?

Answer 7

So that there will be more production of successful viable offsprings.

Question 8

What is another way of saying mkaing viable and fertile offsprings?

Answer 8

To reproduce and create more living and not sterile (able to reproduce) offspring

Question 9

As long as current species doesn’t go extinxt when the “good” traits accumulate in the gene pool it may lead to what?

Answer 9

It may lead to origin of new species.

Question 10

Who observed adaption of plants and animals that inhabited many diverse environments?

Answer 10

Charles Darwin

Question 11

What was the contents of Charles Darwin’s book called “On the origin of Species”

Answer 11

He talked about his studies of specimens around the globe that led him to his theory of evolution and on the process of natural selection.

Question 12

Why did charles Darwin think the species all over the globe had common ancestors?

Answer 12

he noticed similarities among the species but with variations so he believes that they had gradually evolved from common ancestors.

Question 13

What type of foods do these glapagos finches ate?
1. long beak
2. big/strong beak
3. pointed beak

Answer 13

They ate:
1. cactus pulp
2. seeds/nuts
3. Insects

Question 14

What is the argument that stregnthens “Natural selection” and is defined as the choosing of desirable traits by and outside source other than the organism itself or natural selection.

and what is an example of this?

Answer 14

it is Artificial selection
example of this is when humans bred dogs and also when Darwin experimented with pigeons

Question 15

What are Darwin’s 4 Observations?

Answer 15

1. Same species often vary greatly in their traits
2. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring
3. All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support
4. Due to lack of food or other resources many of the offsprings do not survive

Question 16

What are Darwin’s Inferences?

Answer 16

1. Individuals + better traits for survival = leave more offsprings than others
2. bc of #1 more of said advantageous traits will be passed down over generations

Question 17

What are the two main ideas developed by Darwin’s inferences?

Answer 17

1. Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity
2. Natural selection is a cause of this adaptive evolution

Question 18

Do individual organisms evolve?

Answer 18

No Populations does.

Question 19

When environments suddenly change (like islands breaking off, temperature changes, etc.)
what happens?

Answer 19

the individuals who were best fit for previous environment may become not so well adapted to the new environment

sooo…. as environments change the best adapted individuals also change.

Question 20

What is the main idea of survival and its association with chracteristics/traits/mutations that we inherited (like in time of crisis)

Answer 20

sometimes these traits may or may not give us advantages in times of crisis (like surviving in general)

Question 21

what are the possible affects of variations of inherited genes or mutations

what is a quote that can be associated to this.

Answer 21

some of them can be neutral (eye color), advantageous (lactose tolerance), or deadly (diseases/disorders)

> but with these traits the saying “what saves you now can kill you later”

Question 22

What are the scientific evidences that support evolution?

Answer 22

1. Fossil evidence
2. Homology
3. Chemical and Molecular Unity of Life
4. Geographic Distribution fo Related Species
5. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Question 23

What is the evidence that supports evolution that are remains/traces of organisms in sedimentary rock.

how are they considered as evidence?

examples:
- in Africa there were a lot of well dated _____ found in the ____
- and there were transitional species leading from apes to humans over the last _______ million years
- in over ____ million years, ______ evolved from a dog-sized creature

Answer 23

1. Fossil Evidence

• fossil records provide evidence of changes within groups over time, shows origins of new species and the extinction of others.
• Fossils; 1920s
• 6.7
• 60; the horse

Question 24

What is the evidence that supports evolution that is on similarity resulting common ancestry?

What is the term for anatomical resemblance that represent variations on a stuctural them present in a common ancestor?

What reveals anatomical similarities via common ancestry not visible in adult organisms (similar anatomy, different physiology)?

What are evolutionary trees used for and what are they?

Answer 24

2. Homology

• Homologous structures
• Comparative embryology
• explain homologies; are hypotheses about relationships among different groups

Question 25

What is the evidence that supports evolution that says all living things on earth share the ability to create complex molecules out of carbon and a few other elements?

• 99% of ____, _____, ___, and other molecules of living things are made from only __ of the 92 recurring elements.
• all of the tens of thousands types of ______ in living things are made from only __ kinds of amino acids.
• Despite the great diveristy of life, the simple language of ___ code (4 bases - A:T and C:_) is the same for all living things.

Answer 25

3. Chemical and Molecular Unity of Life

• proteins, carbohydrates, fats; 6
• proteins; 20
• DNA; (C is to) G

Question 26

What is the evidence that supports evolution that formed an important part of Darwin’s Theory of evolution, and states that Earth’s continents were formerly united as one big land mass called “_____” but have since seperated by ________ drift due to plate tectonics shifting.

• Islands have many _______ species which means they are native to a certain area and are often _____ related species on the nearest mainland/island
• Major isolated land areas and island groups often _________ their own distinct plant and animal communities.
• Ex: Darwin observed that _______ were almost _____ naturally present on islands that were hundreds of miles away from the nearest mainland.

Answer 26

4. Geographic Distribution of Related species

“Pangea” ; continental (drift)

• endemic; closely
• evolved
• mammals; never

Question 27

What is the evidence that supports evolution that found bacteria to build up resistance to antibiotics? (answer in the sentence literally)

• Bacteria have very _____ generation time, so odds of _____ happening in a colony of bacteria during DNA replication is much higher.
• as result when antibiotic is applied initial dose kills ___ bacteria, thus….
  > this is basically natural selectio in action

Answer 27

5. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics

• small; mutations
• most of (bacteria), thus… leaving the (diverse) bacteria that happens to have the mutations that resist the antibiotics.

Question 28

What is the reverse of Divergent evolution that saus ogranisms that are not closely related, independently evolved with similar or analogous traits?

• and these traits are similar because of what?
• what are analogous traits?
• what are two good example of this?

Answer 28

Convergent evolution

• traits are similar bc of similar adaption to similar environments
• analogous traits are similar traits that are not inherited via same ancestor and are random coincidences
• sugar gliders and flying squirrels with similar body structure and “gliders”, and Sharks and Dolphins with their overall body structures.