Chapter 5 - Personality and Values Flashcards
Personality
The sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Heredity
Factors determined at conception. One’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup. Heredity is just as important as environment.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The most widely used personality assessment in the world. Includes scales of introversion/extroversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving.
The Big Five Personality Model
A personality typing instrument that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience.
Machiavellianism (MACH)
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic (sensible & realistic), maintains emotional distance, and believes the end justifies the means.
Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors.
Proactive Personality
A person that identifies opportunities, shows initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.
Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
Terminal Values
Desirable end-state of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve in his or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior or a means of achieving one’s terminal values.
Power Distance
A national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI):
Sensing vs Intuitive
Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitive rely on unconscious processes and look at the “big picture”.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI):
Thinking vs Feeling
Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI):
Judging vs Perceiving
Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.
Environmental Characteristics
Factors seems to be less determinant in personality traits but has a factor in the traits.
Most common means of measuring personality.
Self-reported surveys
The Big Five Model:
Extraversion:
coinable, gregarious, and assertive. (Higher performance and enhanced leadership roles)
The Big Five Model:
Agreeableness:
good nature, cooperative, and trusting. (lower levels of deviant behavior, more compliant and conforming)
The Big Five Model:
Conscientiousness:
responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized. (Highest job performance and work success)
The Big Five Model:
Emotional stability:
calm, self-confident, secure and positive. (Highest job satisfaction)
The Big Five Model:
Openness to experience:
imagination sensitivity, and curiosity. (Training performance, more adaptable to change)
Core Self-Evaluation:
Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.
Personality Traits
Characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior in a large number of situations
Extraversion
A personality describing someone who is sociable and assertive (confident and forceful )
Agreeableness
A personality that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness
A personality that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Emotional Stability
A personality that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and insecure.
Openness to Experience
A personality that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
Value System
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
Personality Job-Fit Theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Power Distance
Where society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
Individualism
Where one prefers to act as an individual rather than a members of group.
Collectivism
A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
Masculinity
Where culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.
Femininity
Indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; where women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
Uncertainty Avoidance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
Long-term Orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
Short-term Orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations. people value the here and now; they accept change more readily and don’t see commitments as impediments to change.
John Holland’s Six Personality Types
- Realistic - Prefer physical labor
- Investigative - Prefer analytical labor
- Social - Prefer people interactive jobs
- Conventional - Prefer regulated jobs (banking)
- Enterprising - Prefer engaging/sales jobs
- Artistic - Prefer artistic jobs
Hofstede’s Five Value Dimensions
- Power Distance - Power distribution unequal
- Individualism vs Collectivism
- Masculinity vs Femininity
- Uncertainty Avoidance -Structured vs Unstructured
- Long term vs Short term orientation
Hofstede’s Country Scores
- Power Distance - Highest in Malaysia
- Individualism - U.S., Collectivism - Guatemala
- Masculinity - Japan, Femininity - Sweden
- Uncertainty Avoid. - Greece high, Singapore low
- Long term - Hong Kong, Short term - Pakistan
