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Physical Anthropology > Chapter 5 Natural Selection Of The Origin Of Species > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Natural Selection Of The Origin Of Species Flashcards

0
Q

Macro evolution

A

Large-scale evolution the evolution of new species and higher categories

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1
Q

Microevolution

A

Small-scale evolution genetic changes within a population over time

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2
Q

Artificial selection

A

The deliberate of breeding of domesticated animals or plants

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3
Q

Physical environment

A

The inanimate elements that surround an organism

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4
Q

Biological environment

A

The living element surrounding the organism

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5
Q

Cultural environment

A

The products of human endeavor including technology and social institutions around in the organism

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6
Q

Microenvironment

A

A specific set of physical biological and cultural factors immediately surrounding an organism

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7
Q

Habitat

A

The place in which a particular organism lives

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8
Q

Microhabitat

A

A very specific habitats in which a population is found

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9
Q

Ecological niche

A

The specific microhabitat in which a particular population lives and the way the population exploits that microhabitat

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10
Q

Selective agent

A

Any factor that brings about differences in fertility and mortality

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11
Q

Selective pressure

A

Pressure placed by a selective agent on certain individuals within the population that results in the change of allelic frequencies in the next generation

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12
Q

Fitness

A

Measures of how well an individual or population is adapted to a specific ecological niche as seen in her reproductive rates

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13
Q

Directional selection

A

A type of natural selection characterized by a generation after generation shift in a population in a specific direction such as towards larger body size

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14
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

A type of natural selection characterized by generation after generation shift in a population in the direction of the average individual such as towards average body size

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15
Q

Disruptive selection

A

A type of natural selection characterized by a generation after generation shift in the population away from the original

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16
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell, that lacks nucleus and contain red pigment hemoglobin.

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17
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells that Carrie oxygen to and carbon dioxide from body tissues

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18
Q

Hemoglobin A

A

Normal adult hemoglobin whose goblin unit consists of two alpha and two beta chains

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19
Q

Hemoglobin S

A

An abnormal variant of hemoglobin A that differs from the latter in having a single amino acid substitution on the beta chain

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20
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Disorder in individuals homozygous for hemoglobin S in which red blood cells will develop into rigid, misshapen forms that clog capillaries, resulting in anemia

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21
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin A and S, yet the individual shows no abnormal symptoms

22
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selection that favors characteristics that increase reproductive success, usually due to make competition or female mate choice

23
Q

Inter sexual selection

A

A form of sexual selection, selection for traits that make males more attractive to females

24
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

A form of sexual selection. Selections for characteristics that make males better able to compete with one another for sexual access to females

25
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in structure between males and females of the same species

26
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

The study of the role of biology and natural selection in human behavior

27
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior characterized by self sacrifice that being it’s others

28
Q

Kin selection

A

A process whereby an individuals genes are selected for by virtue of that individuals increasing the chances that his/her kind genes are propagated into the next generation

29
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

An individual own fitness plus his or her effect on the fitness of any relative

30
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

A measurement of the degree of genetic relationship or the number of shared genes between two individuals

31
Q

Demes

A

Local breeding populations, the smallest reproductive populations

32
Q

Clinical distribution

A

A distribution of frequencies that show a systematic graduation over space, also called continuos variation

33
Q

Subspecies

A

Interfertile groups within a species that can display significant Differentiation among themselves

34
Q

Geographical isolation

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which members of a population becomes separated from another population through geographical barriers that prevent the interchange of genes between the separated populations

35
Q

Speciation

A

Evolutionary process that is set to occur when 2 previous subspecies of the same species are no longer capable of successful interbreeding they are than two different species

36
Q

Allopatric species

A

Species occupying mutually exclusive geographical areas

37
Q

Ecological isolation

A

Form reproductive isolation in which two closely related species are separated by what is often slight differences and niches they occupy

38
Q

Seasonal isolation

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which the breeding seasons of two closely related populations do not correspond

39
Q

Sexual isolation

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which one or both sexes of a species initiate made in behavior that does not act as a stimulus to the opposite sex of a closely related species

40
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Reproductive isolation occurs because of an incompatibility with structure of the male and female sex organs

41
Q

Premating mechanism

A

Form of reproductive isolation that prevents mating from occurring

42
Q

Postmating mechanism

A

Any form my reproductive isolation that occurs after mating

43
Q

Gametic mortality

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which sperm or immobilized and destroyed before for the fertilization can take place

44
Q

Zygotic mortality

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which fertilization occurs but development stop soon after

45
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which mating between two species gives rise to a hybrid that is fertile but nevertheless does not leave any offspring

46
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Former reproductive isolation in which a hybrid of two species a sterile

47
Q

Specialized species

A

A species closely fitted to a specific niche and able to tolerate little change in that niche

48
Q

Generalize species

A

Species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches

49
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

The idea that evolution is a slow process with gradual transformation of one population into another

50
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

A model of evolution characterized by an uneven tempo of change

51
Q

Pre-adaptation

A

The situation in which a new structure or behavior that evolved in one niche is by chance also suited in some cases better suited to a new niche

52
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The evolution of a single population into a number of different species

53
Q

Extinction

A

The disappearance of the population

Physical Anthropology (5 decks)

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