Chapter 5: motor, sensory, and perceptual Development Flashcards
dynamic systems theory
infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
motor behaviors are the result of…
body’s physical properties, nervous system development, the child’s goal and environmental support
reflexes allow infants to…
respond adaptively to the environment before they have had the opportunity to learn.
rooting reflex
when an infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, the infant turns its head and tried to find something to suck
sucking reflex
occurs when infants suck an object placed in their mouth
moro reflex
a startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement (ie. newborns arch their back or throw back their head)
grasping reflex
infants tightly grasp any object placed in their palm
gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms or walking
development of gross motor skills requires…
requires postural control
dynamic processes are linked with… (3)
- sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles to sense where we are
- vestibular organs to regulate balance
- vision and hearing
which 2 things are linked to learning to walk and sitting upright?
locomotion and postural control
in the second year of life infant are able to…
explore the environment more extensively and initiate social interactions
infants’ development of a skill requires…
considerable behavioral flexibility
boys usually outperform girls in ________
gross motor skills
girls usually outperform boys in ______
fine motor skills
decline in general biological functioning begins at the age of ___
30
leading cause of injury death in adults 65+
Falls
fine motor skills
involve finley tuned movements, such as any task requiring finger dexterity
palmer grasp in infants
grasp with whole hand
pincer grip in infants
grab small objects with thumb and forefinger
perceptual-motor coupling is necessary to…
coordinate grasping
the improvement of fine motor skills is supported by…..
increased myelination of the central nervous system
children begin to show manipulative skills such as complex, intricate, and rapid movements similar to the abilities of adults at ages….
ages 10-12
gross and fine motor skills are associated with….
cognitive function
sensation
reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
sensory receptors
eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
cochlea and auditory nerve
hearing
retina and optic nerve
vision
perception
interpretation of what is sensed
an ecological view of sensation and perception
we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt
affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
ie. a pot you cook with can also be something you bang on
perceptual narrowing
distinguishing between known and unknown faces and new faces
sensory stimulation is _______ but perception remains ______
sensory is changing
perception is constant
size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
shape constancy
recognition that an object remins the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
visual perception of depth is affected by….
experience
infants use binocular cues to depth by age….
3-4 months of age
children become increasingly efficient in detecting boundaries between colors at ages….
3-4 years olf
many preschool children are…
farsighted
by first grade, most children can…
focus their eyes and sustain attention effectively on close-up objects
visual decline in late adulthood is linked to…
cognitive decline and having fewer social contacts
declines in vision because of age include…
visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception
accommodation of the eye
the eye’s ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina
- declines most sharply between 40-59 years olf
presbyopia
difficulty viewing close objects and an increased blind spot
color vision may decline in which part of our eye’s color spectrum as we age?
green-blue-violet color spectrum
cataracts
a thickening of the lens of the eye which causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
glaucoma
damage to the optic nerve due to pressure created by fluid buildup in the eye
macular degeneration
causes deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field and unable to see clearly in front
during the last 2 months of pregnancy the fetus can…
hear sounds outside the womb
by 6 months infants become more proficient at…
localization or detecting the origin of a sound
hearing can start to decline by the age of…
40 years old
dual sensory loss in vision and hearing has been linked to…
-reduced social participation
-less social support
- increased loneliness
- greater functional limitations
- cognitive decline
- communication problems
-depressive symptoms
what percentage of older adults report some persistent pain?
60%-75%
can newborns differentiate odors?
yes
when does the decrease in the sensitivity to smell generally become noticeable?
60s
when do infants begin to prefer salty tastes?
4 months
intermodal perception
the ability to integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision or hearing
Nativist view on perception
Nativists view the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way as inborn or innate
Empiricists’ view on perception
empiricists emphasize the role of learning and experience
