Chapter 5 Module 3 Flashcards by Amy Matthews

Material that is capable of recovering its shape after a force deforms it is called

Elastic

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The amount of stretching or compression of a spring is

Directly related to the force applied to it

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A vibration is a

Back and forth motion that repeats itself

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The equilibrium position is where a spring is

At rest and not applying a force attached

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A vibrating mass and spring system will eventually come to a stop as a result of air resistance and internal

Friction

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A material is elastic if it

Can recover its shape after a force deforms it

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The extent a spring will compress or stretch is directly related to the

Force or pressure applied to it

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If a mass is attached to a spring but the spring is not applying a force to the mass, then the spring is in its

Equilibrium position

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Frequency

The number of cycles per second

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Period

The number of seconds per cycles

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Amplitude

The largest displacement from the equilibrium position

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A mass attached to a spring is moving back and forth; the spring and mass are vibrating. What two factors will cause the motion to eventually stop?

Air resistance
Internal friction

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A cycle is

One complete vibration

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The unit of measurement for frequency is the

Hertz

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A complete vibration occurs with a motion away from a point, to the other side of the equilibrium position, and back again to the starting point; this complete vibration is called a

Cycle

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The equation for determining period (T) is

T=1/f

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Mechanical waves are

Traveling vibrations in a medium

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The hertz (Hz) is a measurement of __________, and one hertz is expressed in units of 1/s

Frequency

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Longitudinal waves cause vibrations to occur in

A direction parallel to their own movement

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The equation for determining frequency (f) is

F=1/T

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A wave that causes a disturbance perpendicular to the direction of its travel is a

Transverse wave

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Traveling vibrations in a medium are better known as

Waves

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A medium without interaction, or attachments, between particles cannot transmit

Transverse or shear waves

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A disturbance that causes particles to move closer together or farther apart in the same direction that the wave is moving is a

Longitudinal wave

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Sound waves in air must be ___________ waves since air movements are not attached to their neighboring molecules

Longitudinal

A transverse wave cause a disturbance

Perpendicular to the direction of its travel

Wavelengths are measured in _________ and denoted by the Greek letter λ

Meters

The frequency of a wave can be determined by

Counting how many wave crests pass by a given point in a unit of time

Transverse and longitudinal waves require a medium for travel. The nature of the medium controls the type of waves it can transmit. The key characteristic of the medium is

If there is some interaction, or attachment, between the molecules in the medium

Wavelength

The distance between two identical points on adjacent waves

The amount of time for a wave to repeat itself

Period

Rest position

The place any undisturbed molecules would be located

Sound is transmitted in air as longitudinal waves because

Air molecules are not attached to one another and therefore cannot transmit transverse waves

The equation for velocity of a wave is

v= λf

The symbol for wavelength is

Less than 20 Hz

Infrasonic

Between 20 and 20,000 Hz

Audible

Over 20,000 Hz

Ultrasonic

Counting the number of wave troughs that pass you in a given amount of time will give you the ______ of the wave

Frequency

True or False: Mammals (humans, dolphins, dogs, bats) all can hear in the same range of frequencies

False

The maximum disturbance from the undisturbed (rest) position

Wave crest

The maximum disturbance in the opposite direction from the rest position

Wave trough

The maximum displacement from the rest position

Amplitude

Tiny hairs in your inner ear respond to the _________ of the vibrations passed to them via three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones respond to the vibrations occurring in the _________.

Frequencies; eardrum

The product of wavelength and frequency is a wave’s

Velocity

Sound waves do not travel in outer space because

Space is a vacuum, and thus there is no medium that can carry the disturbance

A substances’s ability to transmit sound waves is determined by the strength of the interaction between the ________ in a medium and their inertia

Molecules

Which of the following statements is true in regard to hearing within the animal kingdom?

Many nonhuman animals can hear sounds outside of the ranges that humans can hear

True or False: In air, light waves travel faster than sound waves

True

Human hearing works by converting the pulses of increasing and decreasing pressure as recorded in the ear into

Signals sent to the brain by nerves; these signals are interpreted as frequencies of sound with a certain pitch

What temperature of air will transmit sound waves the fastest

40 degrees Celsius

True statements of spherical waves

Small sections of spherical waves can be considered linear waves at some distance from the source; wave fronts are the same part of each wave in a spherical wave

Sound waves require a medium in which to be transmitted. This explains why sounds do not travel in

Outer space

When waves encounter different conditions, such as changes in temperatures, humidity, or nature of the material, a division referred to as a __________ occurs

Boundary

What two factors determine how well a substance can carry a sound wave

The strength of the interaction between molecules; the inertia of molecules

Refraction is the

Bending of a wave front

Sound waves are ________ than light waves

Slower

What can happen when a sound wave front strikes a boundary that is parallel to it?

Transmission Absorption Reflection

An increase in air temperature will __________ the speed at which sound can be transmitted through it

Increase

Different materials absorb and reflect sound waves

At different ratios of absorption and reflection

At a great enough distance from a source, a small part of a ________ wave can be considered a _________ wave front

Spherical; linear

Reverberation of sound waves involves

The mixing of reflected and original waves

Boundaries are the divisions between two physical conditions. Boundaries normally result between different materials or between

The same material with different conditions

The bending of a wave front is called

Refraction

A sound that has been reflected and can be distinguished from the original sound is called an

Echo

Sound wave fronts striking a parallel boundary may be _________, reflected, or __________

Absorbed; transmitted

Sonar is used to determine the distance to a reflective surface. The distance can be determined since the ___________ of sound waves in water is known, and the _________ it takes for the waves to return can be measured

Velocity; time

If two waves meet and are in phase, the result is ___________ interference; if two waves meet and are out of phase, the result is _________ interference

Constructive; destructive

The mixing of reflected sounds with the original sound waves is called

Reverberation

When two waves meet, the amplitude of the new wave is the

Algebraic sum of the amplitude of the two separate wave patterns

A measure of the energy a sound wave is carrying is its

Intensity

An echo is a reflected sound that can be

Distinguished from the original sound

Loudness, the subject’s interpretation of sound, is related to the

Distance between you and the vibrating source Energy of the vibrating object Condition of the air that the sound wave travels through

Sonar depth finding works by bouncing sound waves off the bottom of the ocean (or other body of water). The distance to the bottom is determined by _________ the distance determined from the equation d= vt

Halving

An increase of 20 on the decibel scale, for example, from 20 to 40, is equal to an increase of _______ on the intensity scale

100

If waves traveling in opposite directions meet and a wave crest from each meets at the same place and at the same time, the result is

Constructive interference

Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external forces matches the ________ frequency of the object

Natural

If two waves meet, the resulting wave’s amplitude is the sum of the two separate ___________ of the original waves

Amplitudes

Intensity is defined as the ________ transmitted by waves to a unit area (in square meters) that is perpendicular to the waves

Power

If striking a turning fork causes a nearby but unstruck turning fork to resonate, the

Two tuning forks share the same resonant frequency

If the amplitude of a wave is doubled, it will quadruple the wave’s intensity. This doubling of the wave’s amplitude will

Not quadruple the loudness

A ratio of the intensity level of a given sound to the threshold of human hearing is measured using the

Decibel scale

When the frequency of an external force matches the natural frequency of an object, the condition is called

Resonance

Reflected waves that interfere with incoming waves of the same frequency produce

Standing waves

The formation of nodes and antinodes is directly dependent on

Destructive and constructive interference

A string attached at both ends will have one frequency that can produce the longest standing wave in it; this frequency is the lowest possible frequency and is called the

Fundamental frequency

Nodes are places of __________ interference and antinodes are places of ________ interference

Destructive; constructive

From the fundamental frequency on up, those frequencies are capable of forming standing waves on a string attached at both ends are called

Overtones

Instruments that produce waveforms with overtones, whether that is from the vibration of strings or of air, are referred to as ___________ instruments

Harmonic

The Doppler effect is the

Change in pitch due to the relative motion of the source and the receiver of a sound

Mach number is the ratio of the velocity of an object to

The velocity of sound