Chapter 5: Models Used to explain learning

Question 1

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 1

a stimulus that does not elicit any response

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 2

a stimulus that consistently elicits a naturally occuring, automatic response

Question 3

Unconditioned Response

Answer 3

the innate reflex due to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

previously neutral, but now AS A RESULT OF REPEATED ASSOCIATIONS with the unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response

Question 5

Conditioned Response

Answer 5

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 6

Before conditioning

Answer 6

an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS produces an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE. A NEUTRAL STIMULUS produces no response

Question 7

During conditioning

Answer 7

the NEUTRAL STIMULUS is presented immediately before the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS multiple times and the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS produces the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 8

After conditioning

Answer 8

the NEUTRAL STIMULUS is now the CONDITIONED STIMULUS since on its own it now produces the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE which is therefore now the CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Question 9

Why is observational learning a socio-cognitive approach?

Answer 9

Learning takes place in a social setting - we learn from those around us
Involves various cognitive processes - memory, decisions, concentration, motivation etc.

Question 10

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 10

increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced

Question 11

Vicarious Punishment

Answer 11

decreases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is punished

Question 12

Attention

Answer 12

Observer must actively watch the model complete the task
- more likely to watch if model is perceived positively and/or is similar to the observer

Question 13

Retention

Answer 13

behaviour must be stored in memory as a mental representation so that the observed learning can be utilised at a later stage

Question 14

Reproduction

Answer 14

learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

Question 15

Motivation

Answer 15

learner must have the desire to imitate or reproduce the behaviour

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behaviour and increases likelihood of reproduction
can be: vicarious, external or self reinforcement

Question 17

Antecedent

Answer 17

Any environmental stimulus that triggers an action

Question 18

Behaviour

Answer 18

A voluntary action in response to the environmental stimulus

Question 19

Consequence

Answer 19

Something that makes the behaviour more or less likely to occur again

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring

Question 22

Positive Punishment

Answer 22

involves adding an undesired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring

Question 23

Negative Punishment

Answer 23

involves removing a desired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring

Question 24

Ways of Knowing

Answer 24

a diverse approach to learning, referring to the methods through which knowledge becomes apparent

Question 25

Common features of ways of knowing

Answer 25

Connection to the land
Relationships
Spiritual
Holistic
Oral

Question 26

Country

Answer 26

refers to the living system of all entities that exist in the universe
- includes people, relationships, animals, plants, geographical features, seasons, ancestors, artwork, tools, songs, stories etc.

These all have the capacity to teach knowledge
People learn from, within and through other entities, not about them

Question 27

Kinship (learning is embedded in relationships)

Answer 27

refers to the relationships people have with each other, the knowledges they are responsible for, and the entities within Country they have a responsibility to care for

Question 28

Kinship determines:

Answer 28

• who can hold which kinds of knowledge, who they can transmit it to and when
• relationships and responsibilities to people and country

Question 29

Systems of Knowledge

Answer 29

refers to the network of people, places and living and non-living entities that encode the knowledge stored within a culture
- learning is multimodal
- learning is dependent upon relationships
- reflect a knowing that the past, present and future coexist

Question 30

8 Ways of Knowing

Answer 30

Story Sharing
Learning Maps
Non-verbal
Symbols and Images
Land Links
Non-Linear
Deconstruct Reconstruct
Community Links

Question 31

Story Sharing

Answer 31

learning through narrative, listening and sharing stories or songs of past present and future

Question 32

Learning Maps

Answer 32

creating images or visuals to map pathways or processes

Question 33

Non-verbal

Answer 33

dance, gestures, facial expressions

Question 34

Symbols and images

Answer 34

learning occurs through symbols and images in the form of art and drawing

Question 35

Land Links

Answer 35

learning that is linked to nature, land and Country

Question 36

Non-linear

Answer 36

Viewing knowledge from different perspectives

Question 37

Deconstruct/Reconstruct

Answer 37

Start holistically them break down into components

Question 38

Community Links

Answer 38

Learner brings knowledge about local values and needs and shares knowledge with wider community