Chapter 5: Models Used to explain learning Flashcards
Neutral Stimulus
a stimulus that does not elicit any response
Unconditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that consistently elicits a naturally occuring, automatic response
Unconditioned Response
the innate reflex due to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
previously neutral, but now AS A RESULT OF REPEATED ASSOCIATIONS with the unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Conditioned Response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Before conditioning
an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS produces an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE. A NEUTRAL STIMULUS produces no response
During conditioning
the NEUTRAL STIMULUS is presented immediately before the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS multiple times and the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS produces the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
After conditioning
the NEUTRAL STIMULUS is now the CONDITIONED STIMULUS since on its own it now produces the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE which is therefore now the CONDITIONED RESPONSE
Why is observational learning a socio-cognitive approach?
Learning takes place in a social setting - we learn from those around us
Involves various cognitive processes - memory, decisions, concentration, motivation etc.
Vicarious Reinforcement
increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced
Vicarious Punishment
decreases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is punished
Attention
Observer must actively watch the model complete the task
- more likely to watch if model is perceived positively and/or is similar to the observer
Retention
behaviour must be stored in memory as a mental representation so that the observed learning can be utilised at a later stage
Reproduction
learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour
Motivation
learner must have the desire to imitate or reproduce the behaviour
Reinforcement
influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behaviour and increases likelihood of reproduction
can be: vicarious, external or self reinforcement
Antecedent
Any environmental stimulus that triggers an action
Behaviour
A voluntary action in response to the environmental stimulus
Consequence
Something that makes the behaviour more or less likely to occur again
Positive Reinforcement
involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring
Negative Reinforcement
involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring
Positive Punishment
involves adding an undesired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring
Negative Punishment
involves removing a desired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring
Ways of Knowing
a diverse approach to learning, referring to the methods through which knowledge becomes apparent
Common features of ways of knowing
Connection to the land
Relationships
Spiritual
Holistic
Oral
Country
refers to the living system of all entities that exist in the universe
- includes people, relationships, animals, plants, geographical features, seasons, ancestors, artwork, tools, songs, stories etc.
These all have the capacity to teach knowledge
People learn from, within and through other entities, not about them
Kinship (learning is embedded in relationships)
refers to the relationships people have with each other, the knowledges they are responsible for, and the entities within Country they have a responsibility to care for
Kinship determines:
- who can hold which kinds of knowledge, who they can transmit it to and when
- relationships and responsibilities to people and country
Systems of Knowledge
refers to the network of people, places and living and non-living entities that encode the knowledge stored within a culture
- learning is multimodal
- learning is dependent upon relationships
- reflect a knowing that the past, present and future coexist
8 Ways of Knowing
Story Sharing
Learning Maps
Non-verbal
Symbols and Images
Land Links
Non-Linear
Deconstruct Reconstruct
Community Links
Story Sharing
learning through narrative, listening and sharing stories or songs of past present and future
Learning Maps
creating images or visuals to map pathways or processes
Non-verbal
dance, gestures, facial expressions
Symbols and images
learning occurs through symbols and images in the form of art and drawing
Land Links
learning that is linked to nature, land and Country
Non-linear
Viewing knowledge from different perspectives
Deconstruct/Reconstruct
Start holistically them break down into components
Community Links
Learner brings knowledge about local values and needs and shares knowledge with wider community
