Chapter 5: Life Span Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is development?
A
The study of change of entire life span (from conception to death by old age)
2
Q
What are the 3 stages to life before birth?
A
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages
3
Q
germinal stage
A
the first prenatal stage of development which begins at conception and lasts two weeks.
4
Q
zygote
A
the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg at conception
5
Q
embryo
A
the term for the developing organism from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception
6
Q
embryonic stage
A
the second prenatal stage, from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception, when all of the major organs form
7
Q
fetal stage
A
the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at birth.
8
Q
When is the heartbeat detectable in the fetus?
A
between 8 and 12 weeks
9
Q
neural migration
A
the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination; occurs during months 3–5 of the fetal stage.
10
Q
How early can fetal movement be detected by mother?
A
As early as 4 to 6 months into pregnancy
11
Q
For hearing, when are the ears connected to the brain in pregnancy?
A
18 weeks
12
Q
When does response to sound occur with fetus in pregnancy?
A
At 26 weeks
13
Q
What is a fetus smell and taste influenced by?
A
Chemicals in amniotic fluid
14
Q
What about a fetus vision?
A
While they are not born blind, it mostly develops after birth
15
Q
prenatal programming
A
the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.
16
Q
teratogens
A
substances taken during maternal nutrition that can disrupt normal prenatal development and cause lifelong deficits.
17
Q
What is pregnancy or morning sickness?
A
Happens during the first 3 months of pregnancy when the body is most vulnerable to teratogens such as molds or bitter foods and drinks
18
Q
What are some teratogens?
A
Viruses or the flu (which could leave the baby exposed to get it later in life)
Prescription drugs (could cause respiratory problems)
Nicotine (interferes with oxygen supply to fetus)
Alcohol (damage to brain, cns)
19
Q
What are some common side effects with teratogens?
A
Low birth weight, premature birth, mental retardation, physical abnormalities,
20
Q
temperament
A
the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life
21
Q
Personality
A
Stems from temperament, involing behaviors thoughts and feelings. It can be affected by parental personality during pregnancy
22
Q
What are two reflxes present at birth?
A
Grasping (grabbing) and rooting (involuntary response by baby, when stroking its checks, looking for breastfeeding)
23
Q
What are a babies fine motor skills?
A
Coordination of smaller muscles, proven with drawing skills
24
Q
The five major senses develop at different rates besides
A
hearing, which is developed at birth
25
Experience is critical to the development of what sense?
Vision
26
What was found in the visual cliff experiment?
By the time babies learn how to crawl, they can perceive depth
27
pruning
Degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience
28
How does the brain grow?
Begins to slow down after age 6, then after adolescence, but grows throughout life span
29
How can neglecting children be harmful?
It can be harmful to brain development
30
Who was Jean Piaget
Examined cognitive development
31
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0–2), when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies
32
object permanence
the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed
33
What did Rene Baillargeons and colleagues thought of Jean Piaget?
They thought his age range for object permanence was wrong
34
It takes on average how long for a baby to walk?
A year/12 months. Worst case scenario, 17 months without help
35
How long does it take a baby to speak first words?
Average is 12 months, girls tend to speak earlier
36
Maturation process
Orderly unfolding of development
37
Whats an example of object permanency?
Infants ability to keep mental image of object in its mind even when the object is out of sight
38
preoperational stage
the second major stage of cognitive development (ages 2–5), which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought.
39
What is animistic thinking?
Baby giving real life to objects (ex: imaginary friend)
40
What is an infants egocentrism?
Childs inability to take viewpoint of others (i.e three mountain experiment, only choose the mountain from their perspective of sight)
41
Conservation
recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant. (cant correctly estimate quantities)
42
concrete operational stage
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6–11, during which the child can perform mental operations—such as reversing—on real objects or events
43
What an example of reverse logic or inverse thinking can children do during concrete operational stage?
Can take water in one container, pour into another container of different size, and realize that the amount of water did not change despite the change of container
44
What do children still struggle with during concrete operational stage?
Abstract ideas and reasoning
45
formal operational stage
Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 on through adulthood, when formal logic or abstract ideas and reasoning is possible.
46
What did Russian scientist Lev Vygotsky believe about Piagets cognitive development?
Felt that cognitive development is more of a social event, it doesn't happen in a vacuum but rather needs to be understood in a social context or as a social process (zone of proximal development)
47
What was the logic behind Lev Vygotskys 'zone of proximal development'?
Defined as the distance between what a child can learn alone and what they learn when helped by someone else. When child is near its potential or zone, an (for ex) adult can help the child learn more and faster than what the child would do alone. Learning is therefore a social process
48
theory of mind
ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work.
49
What is the reason for the false-belief task experiment?
To prove why children under the age of 4 are cognitively incapable of realizing that people may believe things that are not true.
50
What is the false-belief experiment?
Sally puts marble in basket instead of box. Goes away, adult puts marble in box. Child under the age of 4 watching situation says Sally comes back will say Sally will look for marble in the box.
However child 4 yrs of age or above will say Sally will look in basket because she does not realize that the adult moved the marble. They understand other peoples beliefs and what they know or do not know
51
pre-conventional level
the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards.
52
What is an example of understand morals at a pre-conventional level?
"He should not steal the drug because he will be in trouble and go to jail" - They realize they must do something to avoid punishment or maximize reward. An example being children doing something because their parents told them to do it
53
conventional level
the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness.
54
What is an example of moral reasoning at a conventional level?
"He should not steal because stealing is wrong and society can not function if everyone steals" - They realize social order and lawfulness along with caring ;trust; relationships with other people
55
post-conventional level
the third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules
56
What is an example of post-conventional moral reasoning?
"Although it is wrong, he should steal the drug to save his wife's life, but also be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be" - Person understands the norm and law, but also argues that there moral rules that trump immoral or unjust rules making it necessary to display the moral rule.
Examples of this would be Rosa Parks or Martin Luther King. They realized moral laws and took sacrifices against immoral laws knowing the consequences
57
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess developed what 3 categories of infant temperament and their percentages?
Easy child (40%), difficult child (10%), slow-to-warm child (15%). 35% children did not fall into either of these 3 categories
easy child - predictable in daily functions. happy, and is adaptable
difficult child - unpredictable, unhappy, and slow to adapt to new situations
slow-to-warm child - mildly irregular in daily functions of eating sleeping, and mildly intense reaction to new situations
58
imprinting
the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.
59
Imprinting only works with animals, how does it work?
The newborn sees the creature as the protector instinctively
60
attachment
the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers.
61
What is separation anxiety?
the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).
62
What was the strange situation technique experiment?
An experiment designed to test the assumption of attachment between infant and caregiver
Infant and mother are alone in room. Stranger talks to infant, mother leaves and comes back after 3 minutes. Then the infant is alone without mother or stranger. When mother comes back, they are reunited (and the reaction when it occurs is secure attachment or 3 types of insecure attachment)
63
What are the types of attachments with infant and caregivers, especially in strange situation technique experiment?
Secure attachment - Happy connection and evident warmth. Want to be held.
Insecure attachments:
Insecure-Avoidant - no obvious distress during separation and when mother returns the infant ignores or avoids her
Insecure-Resistant - mother has difficulty comforting infant and infant may actively resist contact with parent, maybe due to a lack of confidence when being comforted
Insecure-Disorganized/Disoriented - Inconsistent behaviors, demonstrates possible fear of the parent
64
social referencing
the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person
65
What is an example of social referencing with an infant?
An infant does not go over the cliff when the mother is frowning, but when the mother smiles the infant is willing to go over the cliff to mother
66
What are some development of emotions babies go through?
When you hold or constrain them, they show anger. Within 2-3 months of birth, they respond to mothers voice with a smile. A month later, they laugh in response to playful social interaction
67
Emotional competence
Ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions
(Development starts as early as preschool. Belief held is that the better they do in school and less dysfunction at home, the more emotionally competent and skilled they are)
68
What is emotional regulation?
Children realizing the impact of their behavior on other peoples feelings
69
What is an example of emotional regulation and what age is proven of this?
7 year old child, 9 year old, and 11 year old were told to complete as task and they would get a great toy gift. They do it, and they get a bad gift, and when alone, the kids of all ages are expressively upset. However when done again, the 7 year old child expressively shows disappointed in presence of adult but the older kids did not, knowing they did not want to hurt the adults feelings
70
How does peer interaction work with children?
They opt to play with the same gender. Boys play rough and tumble. Girls are more cooperative in their play. By adulthood, peers go for the opposite gender
Peers can become more important than parents by mid to late childhood
71
What are schemas?
Sets of beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the world
72
What is assimilation and accommodation in regards to schema?
Assimilation is adding info to schema.
| Accommodation is adding info to schema resulting in schema changing (ex. child realizes 3x8=24 and 8x3=24)
73
What are some abstract thoughts children can now understand during the beginning of the formal operational stage (11+)?
Things that are proverb or open to interpretation, like figurative language. "Grass is greener on the other side" "Warm as the other side of the pillow"
74
adolescence
A transition period between childhood and adulthood that brings challenges and excitement
75
puberty
period where sexual maturation begins, marking the beginning of adolescence
76
menarche
the first menstruation. marks the beginning of fertility in a young woman. ages vary between 10 to 12
77
spermarche
the first ejaculation. Happens unexpectedly during nocturnal emission or 'wet dream'. signals readiness to reproduce
78
What are some thoughts besides abstract thoughts people go through once they enter formal operational stage?
Ability to reason scientifically and philosophically. Adolescents can think about how things are or how they could be (alternatives)
79
What are some of the brain development that happens during formal operational stage?
Frontal lobe growth (the last part of the brain to grow. involved in planning, attention, working memory, abstract thought, pulse control)
increased neural complexity (the frontal lobe growth doesn't grow in size, but neural complexity), and greater neutral synchrony and neural pruning (both part of complexity)
80
Why do video science fiction or internet gaming appeal to adolescents?
Because they demonstrate abstract, imaginative, or alternative forms of thinking
81
An example of cognitive development linked to brain development?
Teenagers are more implied to conduct in risky behavior like fighting or fast driving because the ability to plan or think head hasn't fully developed in terms of complexity with the frontal lobes. Teens and young adults are at more high risk of brain related mental dysfunctions at this time too
82
What happens during an adolescents search for identity?
Questions who they are. What clothes looks or feels comfortable, how they relate to groups, what groups they identify with, how they present themselves to others, experimenting with drugs or alcohol
83
During teenagers describe sexual state
More sexual interest and relationships, increases self esteems. Body is sexually mature, but brain is not, causing bad judgement.
88% identify as predominantly heterosexual
1-2% identify as homo or bisexual
10% identify confusion over orientation. True rates are difficult to know for sure
84
When does adolescence draw to a close?
When teens enter their 20s, usually around the transition from high school to college
85
Emerging adulthood (18-25)
A transitional time between adolescence and young adulthood, increased responsibilities demands and choices
86
What are 3 identity issues that occur during early adulthood?
Career identity - Soul searching of how to spend their time, what are life goals, what they offer the world
Sexual identity - Making a commitment to someone. Orientation identity
Ethnic Identity - Biracial people having to choose. social or parental pressure
87
Young adulthood (mid 20s)
Begins when key tasks of emerging adulthood ends. Financial and living settings have settled down. Marriage could happen. Parenthood (not required as a 'sign' of becoming an adult however)
88
During middle adulthood (ages 40 to 60 or 65) what are some things that happen?
Loss of hearing (some can be preventable, also varies on career or lifestyle or exposure to loud sound) and vision (bifocals). Loss of sensitivity to taste and smell. Also at risk for sensory loss, but the brain is still remains plastic neutrally, neurogenesis begins to taper off in middle adulthood
89
In middle adulthood, how can one increase neuralgenesis or neural growth, or hinder it?
Continuing to learn new things (i.e language, games, instruments, etc) while stress and anxiety hurts the process
90
Individuation
Carl Jungs idea of midlife (middle adulthood) situation or crisis, the process by where ones personality becomes whole and full. An fit athletic young man lets himself go in his middle age. A crisis could occur if one is denial with his age, could lead to higher divorce rates
91
What happens during late adulthood (ages 65 and up)
Both body and brain mass decreases. Changes in cognitive thinking such as memory, abstract reasoning is due to the changes in frontal lobe.
Memory or cognitive decline is complex and different for what age it occurs for everyone. Depending on career, memory can improve. Although certain memories such as verbal memories peaks in middle adulthood. Memories to process information declines for everyone
92
What are the two groups of intelligence and how do they change in adulthood?
Fluid intelligence - raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. Applying this to problems like trying to find relationships, understand implications, and drawing conclusions
Crystallized intelligence - form of intelligence influenced by how large vocabulary and knowledge of world and cultures.
Fluid intelligence declines beginning in middle adulthood. Crystallized intelligence peaks during middle adulthood. In late adulthood, both intelligence begins to decline
93
How can cognitive declines in late adulthood be reduced?
With physical and mental exercises
94
Dementia
Loss of mental function in which many cognitive processes are impaired such as memory problems, difficulty reasoning, solving problems, using language, making decisions. Age can be a factor but is NOT the reason for dementia
95
Alzheimer's disease
a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline and characterized by a collection of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function
Both this, or strokes, can lead to dementia. Although the truth behind which causes what is not known
96
When it comes to dying every culture...
has its own set of standards of how to regard death
97
Elizabeth Kubler Ross 5 stages of accepting death or the threat of death based on her studies
1 - Denial - protective mechanism
2 - Anger - reality sets in, begins to vent
3 - Bargaining - trying to delay the inevitable, become more religious
4 - Depression - isolation, sadness
5 - Acceptance - stops fighting, comes to grips with it
98
Psychologist Erikson's studies of psychological development involved which stages instead of the alternative of Piagets preoperational and concrete operational stages (ages 0-11)?
1) Trust vs Mistrust (Ages 0-1.5) - Rises from Birth, develops trust with mother when their hunger is satisfied
2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1.5 - 3) - Children became autonomists which means to explore things like balloons. Shame and doubt stems from peeing on bed
3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-5) - Initiative as in playing games. Guilt can happen with lack of good or constructive criticism or ridicule. Its important during initiatives to let the child win games too and learn how to lose.
4) Industry vs Inferiority (5-11) Inferiority could include being bad at sports compared to other kids
99
What were Psychologists Eriksons stages of psychological development during what is known as Piagets formal operational stage (11+) or just basic adolescence, young/mid/late adulthood?
5) Identity vs Role Confusion (11-18, 19) - Defining who you are, looking to identify yourself with people clubs. Puberty, girls go thru menarche cycles. Looking for identity
6) Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood) - Intimacy is the ability to fuse ones identity with another without fear of losing it.
7) Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Age) - Generativity is the creation of new ideas products or people, wanting to contribute to sciety. Stagnation occurs when the adult becomes more self-focused then oriented toward others and doesn't contribute productively to society or family.
8) Integrity vs Despair - Integrity is where one feels whole and integrated, develops sense that lifes decisions are all coming together. Despair is more isolation, stagnation, could be with other categories too
100
In Eriksons Intimacy vs Isolation, how does he define love and how can love be lost?
Love is defined by commitment, passion, cooperation, competition, and friendship
love can be lost where in intimacy one hasn't completely figured out or developed who they are, let the relationship define who they are, as they age they figure out who they are, and differences begin to occur with spouse resulting in separation or divorce.
A development crisis is whether or not one will join their identity with another
101
What goes through ones mind during Eriksons integrity vs despair stage? What is wisdom during this stage?
One asks looks back at life and asks question if they feel the sum total of their life's choices coming together in an integrated way? Thus feeling full or whole looking at life?
Wisdom is where one is informed and knowledgeable about life but yet having a detachment from it that only comes with their old age, when you're no longer trying to establish a family or career
102
What is a hospice, its purposes, and what happens there?
A free place where people go when dying within 6 months. They agree to be under DNR orders, which is to not resist death. The purpose of this is to provide consoling and make the transition experience to death as least painless as possible
103
How has technological advance helped physiological development in humans?
Gives greater access to information at every stage of development. Computers, internet, tablets, phones, social media
104
How have technological advances can be a benefit or drawback to human development?
Benefit - children who use internet found to have higher test scores. educational tv or devices can help aid learning
Cons/Drawback - Games exposure to violence. Internet and cyber bullying. Self esteem issues social media
105
How can Alzheimer's disease be diagnosed?
Only after death by examining brain tissue
