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Psychology > Chapter 2: Conducting Research in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Conducting Research in Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the 5 procedures of the scientific method?

A

Observe, Predict, Test, Interpret, Communicate (OPTIC)

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1
Q

What is scientific thinking?

A

Using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories

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2
Q

Theory

A

Set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design

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4
Q

Replication

A

The repetition of a study to confirm the results; essential to the scientific process

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5
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Refers to claims that are presented as scientific that arent supported by evidence used with the scientific method

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6
Q

Research designs

A

Plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study

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7
Q

What is are some examples of pseudoscience or fake psychology?

A

Astrology, Graphology, Palmistry, Phrenology

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8
Q

Variable

A

A characteristic that changes or varies, such as age gender weight intelligence anxiety extraversion

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9
Q

Population

A

The entire group a researcher is interested in; for example all humans, all boys, all girls

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10
Q

Sample

A

Subsets of the population studied in a research project (instead of all college students, research only black campuses)

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11
Q

What is used more in research, population or samples

A

Samples

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12
Q

Descriptive designs

A

Study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything

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13
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world

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14
Q

Case study

A

A study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person in depth over a long period of time (or group or event)

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15
Q

Representative sample

A

A research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying

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16
Q

Correlational design

A

Studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation

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17
Q

Experiment

A

Research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions

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18
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated under controlled conditions

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19
Q

Dependent variable

A

Outcome or response to the manipulation

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20
Q

For variables, which is the cause and which is the effect?

A

Independent - cause

Dependent - effect

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21
Q

Random assignment

A

The method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group

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22
Q

Experimental group

A

The participants in random assignment that will receive treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior

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23
Q

Control group

A

Participants treated just as same in experimental group but do not receive independent variable or treatment. Mostly get no special treatment or a placebo (appear identical treatment but not active substance in treatment)

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24
Q

Confounding variable

A

Variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined

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25
Q

Single blind studies

A

Participants dont know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned

26
Q

Double blind studies

A

Neither participants or researchers know who has been assigned to experiment or control group

27
Q

Experimenter expectancy effects

A

Result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenters knowledge of who is in the control or experimental group

28
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Statement that changed events to cause a belief or prediction to become true

29
Q

An example of self fulfilling prophecy

A

Say ‘ i will fail test ‘ , dont study, and fail test

30
Q

Meta analysis

A

Research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion

31
Q

Effect size

A

A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect

32
Q

Measures

A

The tools and techniques used to assess thought and behavior

33
Q

Self reports

A

Peoples written or oral accounts of their thoughts feelings or actions

34
Q

Behavioral measures

A

Measures based on a systematic observation of peoples actions either in their normal environment or lab setting

35
Q

Social desirability bias

A

The tendency toward favorable self presentation that could lead to inaccurate self reports

36
Q

Physiological measures

A

Measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state

37
Q

Statistics

A

Collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data

38
Q

descriptive statistics

A

measures used to describe and summarize research

39
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average of a series of numbers

40
Q

median

A

the score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half.

41
Q

mode

A

a statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value

42
Q

standard deviation

A

a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean

43
Q

frequency

A

number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data

44
Q

Another word for normal distribution?

A

Bell curve

45
Q

ethics

A

the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation—or more simply, standards of right and wrong

46
Q

debriefing

A

the explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection

47
Q

institutional review boards (IRBs)

A

organizations that evaluate research proposals to make sure research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress.

48
Q

quasi-experimental design

A

research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups

49
Q

Psychology comes in what 3 shapes scientifically?

A

Physical (chemistry)
Biological (body, life)
Social (interaction w. environment)

50
Q

Psychology is considered a social science, but in 30 years it is predicted to be considered

A

A biological science

51
Q

In what way is science an attitude?

A

Questions authority, open skepticism, intellectual honesty

52
Q

Science is cumulative in what way?

A

Overtime you know more, its a process

53
Q

What are some good examples of self reports?

A

Questionaries’, interviews

54
Q

What are some descriptive methods (observe/describe behavior)?

A

Self reports, quizological (psychological), behavioral (watch something like a tv for experiment)

55
Q

What are the advantages of naturalistic observation?

A

You can watch events as how they really unfold

56
Q

What are the advantages of laboratory observation?

A

You can manipulate experiment in labs

57
Q

What is an example of a case study?

A

Studying a case that is rare, such as a photophobia (Fear of light), or studying a case specific to a particular group of people. A unique, in depth study overall

58
Q

What are some cons with surveys?

A

People could lie

59
Q

What is an example of correlational designs?

A

The correlation between the relationship of SAT scores and college GPA. (Remember, not intended to show ‘causation’ meaning that high sat does not mean high college gpa, just examining a correlation)

60
Q

Why does correlation not mean causation?

A

Because while a might cause b, or b might cause a, a third variable not mentioned in the correlation may cause both a and b.

example: more people die when ice cream sales are high. variable c: because in the summer more ice cream is sold.

61
Q

How is correlation measured and what is its meaning?

A

Correlation is measured from -1 to 1. The Further away from zero, positive or negative, the stronger the correlation. If its zero, neither strong or positive, there’s no correlation

62
Q

What are the 5 provisions of the APA ethical guidelines that is regulated when psychologists research with humans?

A

Informed consent & voluntary participation
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Privacy and confidentiality
Information about the study and debriefing (explanation of purposes)

63
Q

What is the state of ethical research with animals?

A

Very controversial. strict laws and stand standards govern treatment

Psychology (4 decks)

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