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H World Studies > Chapter 5 Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the German rulers settle their religious differences?

A

through the Peace of Augsburg

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2
Q

What did the Peace of Augsburg agree to?

A

the faith of each Prince would determine the religion of his subjects and churches in Germany could be either Lutheran or Catholic, but not Calvinist

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3
Q

Who did Lutherans and Catholics feel threatened by?

A

Calvinism which was spreading in Germany

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4
Q

What did the Lutherans join when tension arose because of the Calvinists? What did the Catholics do?

A

the Lutherans joined the Protestants Union and the Catholics formed the Catholic League

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5
Q

Ferdinand II

A

head of the Hapsburg family, ruled the kingdom of Bohemia, and Holy Roman emperor

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6
Q

Why didn’t the Protestants in Bohemia trust Ferdinand?

A

he was a foreigner and Catholic

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7
Q

Why did the Protestants revolt against Ferdinand II?

A

He closed some Protestant churches

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8
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families

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9
Q

What are the 2 phases of the Thirty Years’ War?

A

the phase of Hapsburg

the phase of Hapsburg defeats

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10
Q

What happened during the first 12 years of the Thirty Years’ War?

A

Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain beat the troops hired by the Protestants

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11
Q

How large was Ferdinand’s army?

A

125,000

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12
Q

What happened in the 13th year of the Thirty Years’ War?

A

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany

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13
Q

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

A

Protestant, changed the tide of the war with his army, and died in battle

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14
Q

Who dominated the last years of the Thirty Years’ War

A

Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France (Catholic)

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15
Q

Who did Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin fear?

A

the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants even though they are Catholic

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16
Q

What did Cardinal Richelieu do for the Protestants?

A

he sent French troops to help the German and Swedish Protestants in their struggle against the Hapsburg armies

17
Q

Who did the war damage? How were they damaged? How much did their population drop?

A

Germany’s economy was ruined and their agriculture and trade were disrupted. Their population dropped from 20 million to 16 million.

18
Q

What officially ended the Thirty Year’s War?

A

the Peace of Westphalia

19
Q

What consequences came for the Peace of Westphalia?

A
  • weakened the Hapsburg States of Spain and Austria
  • strengthened France by awarding it German territory
  • made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire
  • ended religious wars in Europe
  • introduced a new method of peace negotiation whereby all participants meet to settle problems of a war and decide the terms of peace
20
Q

What did the treaty (the Peace of Westphalia) abandon?

A

the idea of a catholic empire that would rule most of Europe

21
Q

What was the most important part of the Thirty Years’ War?

A

the Peace of Westphalia

22
Q

In the late Middle Ages what did the Serfs do?

A

the won freedom and moved to towns, they joined middle-class townspeople

23
Q

After the serfs won freedom what did the Aristocracy do? Why did they do this?

A

they passed laws restricting the ability for serfs to gain freedom and move to cities. they believed that keeping the serfs could produce large profits. they also held down strong kings.

24
Q

What happened to the Holy Roman empire after the Thirty Years’ War? What did they do? Who did it?

A

they lost all their power and had no power over the German states. two German families decided to become absolute rulers themselves, one being the Hapsburgs

25
Q

What steps did the Hapsburgs take to become absolute monarchs?

A
  1. reconquered Bohemia
  2. wiped out Protestantism
  3. centralized government
  4. created a standing army
  5. retook Hungary from the Ottomans
26
Q

Who became the Hapsburg ruler? Why was it difficult for him to rule?

A

Charles VI had a difficult time ruling because it was extremely diverse, Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans

27
Q

What did Charles VI do for Maria Theresa? What is their relationship?

A

he persuaded other leaders of Europe to recognize his daughter, Maria Theresa, as their heir to their territories. he also made the leaders agree to have Maria have a peaceful reign

28
Q

How was Maria’s reign? Who was her biggest enemy?

A

even though she was guaranteed a peaceful reign she faced several years of war. her biggest enemy was Prussia

29
Q

Who was Prussia’s ruling family? What were there ambitions?

A

the Hohenzollerns had ambitions that threatened to upset central Europe’s delicate balance of power

30
Q

What small holdings did the Hohenzollern’s state start with?

A

German states of Brandenburg and Prussia

31
Q

What did Frederick do for Prussia?

A
  • created the best standing army in Europe of 80,000
  • moved toward absolute monarchy
  • introduced permanent taxation
32
Q

Junkers

A

resisted the king’s (Frederick William) growing power until he gave them exclusive right to be officers in his army

33
Q

Frederick the Great

A
  • his father forced him to watch his friends beheadings
  • encouraged religious toleration and legal reform
  • believed a ruler should be a father to his people
34
Q

What began the Austrian Succession?

A

Frederick, Maria’s father, sent his army to occupy Silesia

35
Q

What happened on Maria Theresa’s journey to Hungary?

A

she gave birth recently, asked the Hungarian nobles for aid, and they pledged to give Maria Theresa an army

36
Q

What caused Austria, Russia, and France to ally against Prussia and Britain?

A

Prussia signed an alliance with Britain who was formerly allied with Austria

37
Q

Who won the Seven Years’ War?

A

Britain

38
Q

What countries were allies during the Seven Years’ War?

A

Austria, France, and Russia all allied against Britain and Prussia

H World Studies (8 decks)

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