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KIN2072 motor control & learning > Chapter 5 (lectures 5-7) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (lectures 5-7) Flashcards

1
Q

Main sensory frames of reference

A

Proprioception
exproprioception
exteroception

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2
Q

proprioception

A

-sense of position and movement relative to another

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3
Q

exproprioception

A

provides information about the position and movement of a part of the body relative to the exernal environment

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4
Q

exteroception

A

provides information about the location of objects in the external environment

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5
Q

Touch receptors

A 
Meissner's corpuscle: light touch 
Merkle's corpuscle: touch 
Pacinian corpuscle: vibration and deep pressure 
free nerve endings: pain 
Ruffini corpuscle: warmth
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6
Q

Touch and Motor control

A

provides:
1. movement accuracy
2. movement consistency
3. movement force adjustments
4. helps with the control of balance
5. provide proprioceptive information

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7
Q

How is proprioception sensed

A

Muscle spindles: sense when muscle is lengthening involuntarily
golgi tendon organs: detect force within the muscle
joint receptors: nerve endings, joint angle, especially active at the end range of the joint

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8
Q

Manipulating proprioception

A

Deafferentation: the interruption or destruction of the afferent connections of nerve cells,
Tedon vibration: to investigate kinesthetic illusions in the isometric limb and end point control in the moving limb

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9
Q

Role of proprioception

A
  • affects movement accuracy
  • affects timing of movements
  • affects coordination of movements (postural control, ability to adapt to different environmental situations)
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10
Q

Vestibular system

A

-provides information about the head position; assists in visual fixation during head and/or body movement; important for posture and balance

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11
Q

The visual system

A
  • PRIMARY exteroceptive source of sensory information

- primary source of sensory information that is used for controlling goal directed movements

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12
Q

Vision pathways

A
  • Visual cortex on the opposite side of the brain

- pathways cross over at the optic chiasm

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13
Q

Central vision

A
  • foveal/focal vision

- can only process information in small areas (2-5 degrees)

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14
Q

peripheral vision

A

-everything outside the limits of central vision

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15
Q

Time to use vision (hitting a baseball)

A
  • hitting a softball is actually harder (less time to react)

- players only have about 0.400 seconds to make a decision and swing the bat

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16
Q

2 visual streams

A

-once vision reaches the primary cortex, processed in two parallel decoding pathways

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17
Q

ventral stream

A

“what” stream. Helps us identify objects in our visual environment
-primary input is limited to central vision

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18
Q

dorsal stream

A

“where stream” helps us guide our movements

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19
Q

evidence of two visual streams

A
  • brain imaging studies
  • individuals with brain injuries (sometimes can see something but cannot place it)
  • interacting with visual illusions
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20
Q

Time to contact (Tau)

A
  • the amount fo time remaining before you will make contact with an object in the environment
  • appears to be a function that is determined by our brain, by measuring the rate of change of the size of an object on the retina
21
Q

Lifting a glass: what sensory receptors and information would be used if we had to walk to the table

A
  • visual to see the glass: central vision with dorsal and ventral streams
  • tau: to determine when we will contact the glass
  • proprioception and exteroception
22
Q

What is a reflex?

A
  • an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought
  • requirements:
    1. input (stimulus)
    2. automatic processing
    3. response
23
Q

The stretch reflex

A

1) stimulus- fast stretch of muscle
2) sense organ excited- muscle spindle Ia and II sensory neurons
3) primary response- muscle that is stretched contracts rapidly

24
Q

Typical reflex arc

A

1) sensory neuron- detects stimulus
2) interneurons- most often, can be excitatory or inhibitory
3) motor neurons- produce muscle contraction, motor response

25
Q

Synapse

A

group Ia and group II

26
Q

Group Ia synapses

A

monosynaptic connections with alpha motor neurons (fastest reflex known, delay about 1 msec)

27
Q

Group II synapses

A

1) make monosynaptic connections- direct to motor neuron

2) polysynaptic connections to motor neuron (through interneruons)

28
Q

Other components to stretch reflex

A

1) excite synergist muscles: spindle afferents also make excitatory monosynaptic connections with synergist muscles
2) inhibit antagonist muscles

29
Q

Function of stretch reflex

A
  • Maintaining balance when standing
    1) tilting forward stretches the muscled on the back of the leg
    2) muscles rapidly contract to maintain balance
30
Q

Typical reflex

A

1) sensory neuron
2) internuron carry signal
3) motor neuron

31
Q

long loop reflexes

A

myotatic reflexes (autogenetic), long-loop reflexes, triggered reactions, reaction time

32
Q

Reaction time (RT)

A
  • used to determine how long it takes to prepare and initiate movement
  • the time from stimulus identification and response initiation
  • provides a window into the mental processes underlying motor skill performance
33
Q

Simple RT

A

stimulus is one signal

response is one action

34
Q

choice reaction time

A

more than one signal, each with its own response

35
Q

is RT trainable?

A

Not really, people can try to cheat it though

36
Q

How can we improve reaction time?

A
  • change the intensity of the signal
  • change the clarity of the signal
  • limit number of choices
  • simplify the task
37
Q

Practice for RT

A

a) helps us key in on relevant stimuli

b) helps us build stimulus-response compatibility

38
Q

Ways to cheat reaction time

A
  • prior knowledge

- anticipation

39
Q

Hick’s Law

A

reaction time is proportional to the number of equally likely choices an individual has
RT=b*log(base 2) (n+1)
-b is a constant, n=number of choices

40
Q

Bits of information

A
  • the units of the log2(n) term in the Hick’s Law equation
  • # of choices= 2^n (bits)
  • yes/no choice = 1 bit
41
Q

Application of Hick’s law

A
  • volleyball (pass, to set to hit)

- hockey (making decison to save puck)

42
Q

How do we control our movement?

A

tons of theories

  • closed loop control
  • open loop control
  • motor programs
43
Q

theories

A
  • help understand phenomena
  • explain why phenomena exist or the behaviour
  • can help optimize learning, instruction and feedback
44
Q

Closed Loop control vs. open loop control

A

closed loop uses feeback, open loop does not

45
Q

Closed loop control

A
  • feedback is used by the CNS to make corrections to the ongoing movements
  • slower than open loop
  • sensory feedback can originate from a number of sources
  • goal is to stay within a certain area (kind of like thermostat)
  • processes DO NOT reuire detailed initial movement plans
  • ongoing movement is regulated by an error detection processes
46
Q

Keele and posner (1986) study

A
  • participants were trained to move a hand held stylus ti small target at different movement times
  • after practice, the lights were turned off
  • no difference in movement accuracy when movement time was short
  • error increased when movement was 350ms
  • further increase in error when movement was 450ms
47
Q

Smith, Roberts and Atkins (1972) study

A
  • sensory nerves blocked with anesthetic
  • CNS did not receive information from muscle spindles
  • task was to have participants touch their own noes
  • hand crashed into face
48
Q

Benefits of closed loop control

A

used to produce new movements
provides flexibility
used to provide accurate movements during fine motor tasks

49
Q

Cons of closed loop control

A
  • requires attention
  • increased accuracy demands require increased error corrections
  • time constraints (generally takes about 100-200ms before corrections can be made, too slow for ballistic motor skills)

KIN2072 motor control & learning (3 decks)

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