Chapter 2 (lectures 2 & 3) Flashcards
Motor Skill
- activities or tasks that require voluntary movement of the head, body or limbs to achieve a goal.
- must be learned and voluntary
Provide an example of a motor skill
talking, golfing, writing
Skill
a) an activity or task that has a specific goal to achieve
b) an indicator of the quality of performance
- a goal to achieve or action goal
- performed voluntarily
- requires body, head, and/or limb movement
- must be learned or relearned
one dimensional classifications
- fine vs. gross
- continuous vs. discrete
- open vs. closed
Gross vs. fine tasks
Fine: using small movements of fingers and hands
gross: large body movements
Continuous vs. discrete tasks
Discrete: those with recognizable beginning or end
Continuous: skills that have no recognizable beginning and end, with behaviour continuing until the movement is arbitrarily stopped
-these movements call on scale.
Open vs. Closed skills
Open: skills for which the environment is constantly changing
closed: environment is predictable
Gentile’s two dimensional taxonomy
- two step process to classifying an action
1) function of the action: - body stability (stationary or in motion?)
- object manipulation (yes/no)
2) environmental context - Regulatory conditions (stationary or in motion)
- inter-trial variability (yes/no)
Applications of Gentile’s taxonomy
- slowing/starting a skill easier for rehab patients
- learning a new skill (ex. hitting a baseball)
- make progressions for teaching new skills
- track progress
Limitations of Gentile’s taxonomy
- depend on the skills
- progression is not the only route that is most logical
Constant error
-measures the average error in responding
constant error=Σ (xi-T)/N
interpretation of constant error
- CE si given in the unites the represent the amount and direction of deviation relative to the target.
- represents the average magnitude of the movement and measures the direction of the errors on the average
- does NOT consider the amount of scatter, variability, or inconsistency in performance of the movements
Absolute error
the measure of overall accuracy in performance
AE=∑|x-T|/n
Interpretation of absolute error
- a very logical measure to use to describe the person’s overall accuracy in a task because it measures the way the participant was “off topic”
- it is the overall deviation without considering the direction that someone deviated
Variable error
-measures the inconsistency in the movement outcome
Interpretation of variable error
- VE reflects the variability/inconsistency in movements
- does not depend on the how close the person was to the target, only how close they were to their own average
Root-mean-square error (RMSE)
-represents the area between the performers movements and the target
Measures of speed and time
how long to complete a task?
reaction time?
Phases of reaction time
- Fore-period before stimulus is presented
- temporal anticipation
- choice vs. simple Rt
- RT measure until movement begins
examples of kinematics of human movement
position, time, speed, acceleration, joint angles, joint velocity, joint acceleration
Measurements of brain activity; fMRI
- functional MRI
- pros; cane measure active and inhibited areas, looks at activity in the whole brain and can get an accurate map
- cons: stuck in the machine, 2-6sec delay window, big magnet
Functional near infrared spectrography (fNIRS)
- pros: able to walk around and perform tasks
- cons: 2 sec. delay of measurements
Positron emission topography
- radioactive version of glucose injected
- more radioactive activity = more neural activity
Electroencephalography
- similar to EMG
- poor spatial resolution, good time resolution
- not sensitive to movement
- can process data related to auditory stimuli
Kinematics
- Location
- velocity
- acceleration
- coordination kinematics;
Movement measurement devices
-electromyography: recording muscle movement
-measurements of eye movement
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