Chapter 5 Learning and Creativity Flashcards
What is Learning?
Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.
What are some details of Learning?
With learning comes change
Change must be relatively permanent
Learning takes place as a result of practice or through experience
What does Operant Conditioning describes?
Operant conditioning describes how learning takes place when the learner recognizes the connection between a behavior and its consequences
What are some Learning Desired Behaviors?
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Increases the probability that a behavior will occur by administering positive consequences to employees who perform the behavior.
What are some examples of Positive Reinforcement?
Titles Awards
Money Acknowledgements
Promotion Compliments
Career Advance
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Increases the probability that a behavior will occur by removing negative consequences when an employee performs the behavior.
What are some examples of Negative Reinforcement?
Remove bad review
Stop complaining about employee
What is Reinforcement through Operant Conditioning?
The process by which the probability that a desired behavior will occur is increased by applying consequences that depend on the behavior in question.
What are the steps in Reinforcement through Operant Conditioning?
Step 1:- Identify desired behaviors to be encouraged
Step 2:- Decide How to reinforce the behavior
How to Discourage Undesired Behaviors?
Extinction
Punishment
What are the differences between Negative Reinforcement and Punishment?
Punishment reduces the probability of an undesired behavior
Negative Reinforcement increases the probability of a desired behavior
Positive Reinforcement involves administering a negative consequence when an undesired behavior occurs
Negative Reinforcement entails removing a negative consequence when a desired behavior occurs
In Operant Conditioning, What are Antecedents?
Antecedents are anything that tells employees about desired and undesired behaviors and their consequences. Antecedents can be Desired organizational behaviors or Undesired organizational behaviors.
What are the Consequences of Desired Organizational Behaviors?
Positive Reinforcement - Administering positive consequences to employees who perform the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement - Removing negative consequences when employees perform the behavior.
What are the Consequences of Undesired Organizational Behaviors?
Extinction - Removing whatever is currently reinforcing the behavior
Punishment - Administering negative consequences to employees who perform the behavior
What is Organizational Behavior Modification?
OB MOD is the systematic application of the principles of operant conditioning for teaching and managing organizational behavior
What are the steps in OB MOD?
- Identify important organizational behavior
- Measure the frequency of the behavior
- Analyze antecedents and consequences
- Intervene
- Evaluate for performance improvement and continue interventions until problem is solved
What is Social Cognitive Theory?
A learning theory that takes into account the fact that thoughts and feelings influence learning
What are the Necessary components of the Social Cognitive Theory?
Vicarious learning when the learner observes and imitates a model
Self-control learning to perform a behavior even by setting a goal and engaging in self-reinforcement when the goal is reached
Self-efficacy – leads the learner to believe he or she can perform successfully
How does the Social Cognitive Theory work?
Information gets to the learner. The learner adopts the material through either Vicarious Learning, Control, or Self-Efficacy. After adopting the material the Learner changes behavior.
What is Vicarious Learning?
Learning that occurs when one person (the learner) learns a behavior by watching another person (the model) perform the behavior
What are some Examples of Vicarious Learning?
Role playing
Demonstrations
Training films
Physicians learn vicariously by watching skilled physicians treat patients
What is Self-Control Learning?
Learning to perform a behavior even though there is no external pressure to do so.
How does Social cognitive theory acknowledge Self-Control Learning?
Social cognitive theory acknowledges that people can learn on their own by using self-control
What is Self-Efficacy?
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior successfully
What causes an increase (sources) in self-efficacy?
Past performance
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion – by leaders
Individual readings of their internal physical states
What is Learning by Doing?
Experiential Learning
Direct involvement in subject matter
- Hands-on training
What is Creativity?
Creativity is the generation of novel and useful ideas.
Creativity is a process.
When people are being creative, they are engaged in continuous learning.
Why? Mastery makes you available at various markets
Creative solutions – problem solving – enhancing quality
What does it take to be creative? Taking risks
What is Innovation?
Innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas.
What are the Five Steps of the Creative Process?
Recognition of a problem or opportunity Information gathering Production of creative ideas Selection of creative ideas Implementation of creative ideas
What are the Determinants of Creativity?
The Characteristics of Employees and the Characteristics of the Organizational Situation are Determinants of Creativity.
What are the characteristics of employees that are Determinant of Creativity?
Individual differences Task relevant knowledge Intrinsic motivation • OCEAN - Open to new experiences • Internal locust of control (they control their outcomes) • High self esteem
What are the Characteristics of the Organizational Situation that are Determinants of Creativity?
Level of autonomy
Form of evaluation
Reward System
Importance of a task
What are the additional Characteristics of the Organizational Situation that are Determinants of Creativity?
Learning Orientation Culture
Diversity among employees
Positive and Fun working environment
Motivated Employees
What are the components of The Learning Organization?
Organizational Learning
Knowledge Management
