Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards
Stimulus
Event or object that causes a response
Define learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Response
Actions as a result of behavior
Conditioned
Learned
Unconditioned
Unlearned/Innate
Reflex
Involuntary response; usually a response necessary for survival
Classical conditioning
Associating stimuli & REFLEXIVE responses
Operant conditioning
Associating behaviors with consequences & VOLUNTARY behavior
Observational/social learning
Imitating the actions of others; learn from watching somebody being rewarded or punished
Albert Bandura
ATTENTION, MEMORY, IMITATION, & MOTIVATION are needed for observational learning to occur
Bobo doll experiment
measured the children’s behaviour after seeing the model get rewarded, punished or experience no consequence for beating up the bobo doll
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning
Generalize
Response to both original CS & to others that are similar
White rat➡️furry & white
Discriminate
Organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not others
Water➡️ arrowhead
Watson (behaviorism)
Demonstrated that fear can be conditioned
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
and the negative aspect too
B. F. Skinner
Studied measurable observable behavior; founder of operant conditioning
Latent learning
Learned but not performed
Insight learning
“Aha” learning. The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of the problem, allowing this solution to the problem to come quickly
Instinctive drift
Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Learned helplessness
The tendency to fail to act to escape from the situation because of the history of repeated feelings in the past
Learning/performance distinction
Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of learned behavior
Extinction
The disappearance of weakening of around response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus, or the removal of reinforcer
Shaping
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Stimulus substitution
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that the classical conditioning occurred because conditioned stimulus can substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
Vicarious conditioning
Classical conditioning of reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
