Chapter 5 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

in classical conditioning, a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior conditioning.

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, a learned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 9

Stimulus generalization

Answer 9

the tendency to respond to a srimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Question 10

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because similiar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

the desiappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the remival of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

Question 13

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Answer 14

emotional response that has become clasically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs

Question 15

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 15

classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Question 16

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 16

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring only after one association

Question 17

Biological preparedness

Answer 17

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survivla value of the learning.

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to the responses