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Psychology > Chapter 4 Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time.

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2
Q

Waking consciousness

A

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert

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3
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

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5
Q

Microsleeps

A

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

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6
Q

Adaptive theory

A

theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when they’re most active

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7
Q

Restorative theory

A

theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

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8
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.

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9
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

A

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Voluntary muscles are inhibited so there little or no movement

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10
Q

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM. Muscles not inhibited so person can move around. Goes from lighter stages to a deep restful stage.

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11
Q

Beta waves

A

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity.

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12
Q

Alpha waves

A

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.

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13
Q

Theta waves

A

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.

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14
Q

Delta waves

A

long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.

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15
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.

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16
Q

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

A

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

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17
Q

REM rebound

A

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.

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18
Q

Nightmares

A

bad dreams occuring during REM sleep.

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19
Q

Night terrors

A

relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.

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20
Q

Dissociation

A

divided state of conscious awareness

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21
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory.

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22
Q

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

A

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.

23
Q

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.

24
Q

Insomnia

A

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep.

25
Q

Activation-information-mode model (AIM)

A

revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which informa-tion that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.

26
Q

Sleep apnea disorder

A

disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more.

27
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.

28
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

29
Q

Hypnosis

A

state of consciousness in which we are especially susceptible to suggestability

30
Q

Physical dependence

A

condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.

31
Q

Withdrawal

A

physical symptoms that can include nau-sea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.

32
Q

Nicotine

A

stimulant found in tobacco.

33
Q

Drug tolerance

A

the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve the same effect.

34
Q

Psychological dependence

A

the belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.

35
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.

36
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.

37
Q

Hallucinogenics

A

drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.

38
Q

Amphetamines

A

stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature.

39
Q

Cocaine

A

a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant.

40
Q

Caffeine

A

a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances.

41
Q

Barbiturates

A

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.

42
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.

43
Q

Alcohol

A

the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.

44
Q

Opiates

A

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.

45
Q

Marijuana

A

mild hallucinogen (also known as “pot” or “weed”) derived from the leaves and flow-ers of a particular type of hemp plant.

46
Q

Opium

A

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.

47
Q

Morphine

A

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.

48
Q

Heroin

A

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.

49
Q

Opiods

A

synthetic drugs that mimic the pain-reducing effects of opiates and their addictive properties.

50
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.

51
Q

LSD

A

powerful synthetic hallucinogen.

52
Q

PCP

A

synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

53
Q

MDMA (ecstasy or X)

A

designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.

54
Q

Stimulatory hallucinogenics

A

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

Psychology (3 decks)

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