Chapter 5: Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Question 1

Lewis Structure

Answer 1

dots that represent valence electrons (8 is a perfect shell). The dots must go in a circle and must have all paired up before you put 2 in the same orbital.

Question 2

Ionic Compounds

Answer 2

Normally between a metal and nonmetal; must include ions. In ionic compounds, atoms give up and accept electrons and their magnetism holds them together.

Question 3

Lattice Energy

Answer 3

amount of energy required to break apart an ionic solid and convert its component atoms into gaseous ions. This decreases when ions differ more in size because they cannot be packed as tightly.

Question 4

Naming (Ionic) Cations

Answer 4

use the element’s name and add the word ion. (ex: Ca2+ is calcium ion and Al3+ is aluminum ion)

Question 5

Naming (Ionic) Monoatomic Anions

Answer 5

use element’s prefix and add -ide. (ex: O2- is oxide and F- is fluoride.)

Question 6

Naming Ionic Compounds

Answer 6

metal normally goes first. Use metal’s name and then for the second atom use its prefix and add -ide. (ex: K2O is potassium oxide, MgCl2 is magnesium chloride.)

Question 7

Covalent Compounds

Answer 7

indicates they are all neutral atoms, usually between 2 nonmetals. Covalent compounds have a bond due to sharing electrons

Question 8

Law of Definite proportions

Answer 8

compounds always have a fixed, whole-number ratio.

Question 9

Homo and Heteronuclear

Answer 9

Homonuclear molecules are only composed of 1 type of element. Hetero are composed of more than one

Question 10

7 Homonuclear diatomic molecules

Answer 10

“have no fear of ice-cold beer” H, N, F, O, I, Cl, Br

Question 11

empirical formula

Answer 11

shows relative number of atoms of each element in the compound. (ratios)

Question 12

molecular formula

Answer 12

shows the actual number of atoms in the compound “actual formula”

Question 13

structural formula

Answer 13

shows actual number of each element AND their connectivity (image)

Question 14

Naming Covalent (molecular) Compounds

Answer 14

first identify that you have 2 nonmetals. name exactly like ionic compounds, but add a prefix for the number of atoms. (dinitrogen pentoxide, carbon monoxide)

Question 15

prefix for 1

Answer 15

mono-

Question 16

prefix for 2

Answer 16

di-

Question 17

prefix for 3

Answer 17

tri-

Question 18

prefix for 4

Answer 18

tetra-

Question 19

prefix for 5

Answer 19

penta-

Question 20

prefix for 6

Answer 20

hexa-

Question 21

prefix for 7

Answer 21

hepta-

Question 22

prefix for 8

Answer 22

octa-

Question 23

prefix for 9

Answer 23

nona-

Question 24

prefix for 10

Answer 24

deca-

Question 25

what is an acid

Answer 25

a substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

Question 26

naming simple acids

Answer 26

use the root of the first element and change the second atom’s ending to -ic and add acid. (ex: HF is hydrofluoric acid, HI is hydroiodic acid.)

Question 27

how to tell if a compound is an acid

Answer 27

if a substance starts with a positive hydrogen ion

Question 28

what are oxoanions

Answer 28

polyatomic anions that contain one or more oxygen atoms and one atom in the “central atom” of another element. (ex: ClO3, NO3, SO4)

Question 29

naming oxoanions rules

Answer 29

1. ion with one more O atom than the -ate atom is called per…ate ion. (ex: ClO3 is the chlorate ion, so ClO4 is perchlorate ion
2. ion with one less O atom than the -ate anion is called -ite ion. (ClO2 is chlorite ion)
3. ion with 2 fewer O atoms than -ate is called the hypo…ite ion. (ex: ClO is hypochlorite ion)

Question 30

oxoacids and naming

Answer 30

acids that when dissolved in water, produce hydrogen ions and oxoanions. (HNO3, H2SO4)

1. an acid based on an -ate ion is called -ic, so a HClO3 is chloric acid
2. an acid based on an -ite ion is -ous acid, so HClO2 is chlorous acid
3. prefixes in oxoanions are retained, so HClO4 is perchloric acid and HClO is hypochlorous acid

Question 31

phosphate

Answer 31

PO4

Question 32

chlorate

Answer 32

ClO3

Question 33

sulfate

Answer 33

SO4

Question 34

nitrate

Answer 34

NO3