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Anatomy & Physiology 400 > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System: Accessory Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System: Accessory Structures Flashcards

0
Q

Cells sink INWARD during development to form these 3…?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Glands
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1
Q

Accessory structures of skin develop from what?

A

Embryonic epidermis

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2
Q

Hairs/Pili are present on most skin surfaces except on these 5…?

A
  1. Palms
  2. Palmar surfaces of fingers
  3. Soles
  4. Plantar surfaces toes
  5. Those with Alopecia
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3
Q

Hair consists of what?

A
  • shaft

- root

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4
Q

What is a shaft?

A

Visible, projects above skin’s surface

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5
Q

Where is the root located?

A

Below the surface into the dermis & sometimes subcutaneous layer

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6
Q

The shaft & root consists of what 3 concentric layers of cells?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
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7
Q

What surrounds the root?

A

Hair follicle

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8
Q

The hair follicle consists of what?

A
  • Internal root sheath

- External root sheath (downward continuation of epidermis)

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9
Q

What is at the base of each hair follicle?

A

Bulb

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10
Q

What does the bulb do?

A

Nourishes growing hair follicles

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11
Q

What does the bulb contain?

A

Hair Matrix (germinal layer of cells)

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12
Q

The hair matrix cells arise from where?

A

Stratum Basale (cell division site)

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13
Q

What is an Arrector Pili?

A
  • Smooth muscle in dermis that contracts with cold/fear

- Forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically

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14
Q

What is the hair root plexus?

A

Dendrites of neurons that detect hair movement & senses touch

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15
Q

What’s the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A
  • waterproof

- moisture

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of the growth cycle?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Regression
  3. Resting
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17
Q

What is the growth stage?

A
  • matrix cells at base of hair root are active, producing length
  • lasts 2-6 years
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18
Q

What is the regression stage?

A
  • matrix cells stop dividing
  • hair follicles atrophies
  • hair stops dividing
  • lasts 2-3 weeks
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19
Q

What is the resting stage?

A
  • new growth cycle begins

- last about 3 months

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Terminal
  3. Vellus
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21
Q

What is lanugo hair?

A

Fine, non-pigmented downy hair covering fetus

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22
Q

Lanugo is replaced by what?

A
  • terminal hair

- vellus hair

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23
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

Coarse, heavily pigmented hair, replacing hair on eyebrows, eyelashes & scalp

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24
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Short, fine, pale hair, barely visible to human eye that replaces lanugo on rest of body

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25
Q

At puberty, in response to androgens, terminal hairs replace vellus hairs in what areas?

A

Boys & Girls: axillae & pubic regions

Boys: face, limbs & chests

26
Q

What are androgens?

A

Male hormone produced in testes & adrenal cortex

27
Q

What does it mean to have dark hair?

A

Contains true melanin

28
Q

What does it mean to have blonde & red hair?

A

Contains melanin with iron & sulfur added

29
Q

What does it mean to have graying hair?

A

Decline in melanin production

30
Q

What does it mean to have white hair?

A

Lack of melanin & air bubbles in medullary shaft

31
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A
  1. Eumelanin (brown-black)

2. Pheomelanin (yellow-red)

32
Q

Hormones influence what?

A

The growth & loss of hair

33
Q

What is Alopecia?

A

Partial/complete loss of hair

34
Q

What is hirsutism?

A
  • excessive body hair
  • hair growing where not supposed to be in females/prepubertal males
  • caused by tumor in adrenal glands, ovaries/testes that produce excessive androgen
35
Q

What are nails?

A

Tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of distal portions of digits

36
Q

Each nail is composed of these 3…?

A
  1. Nail body
  2. Free edge
  3. Nail root
37
Q

What is the nail body?

A

Visible portion of nail that contains the Lunula

38
Q

What is a lunula?

A

Whitish crescent-shaped area at proximal end

39
Q

What is the free edge?

A

The part that may extend past the distal end of digit

40
Q

What is the nail root?

A

Portion of nail buried in fold of skin

41
Q

What are the 4 functions of nails?

A
  1. Protect distal end of digits
  2. Provide support & counterpressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception & manipulation
  3. Grasp & manipulate small objects
  4. Scratch & groom body
42
Q

What is the hyponychium/nail bed?

A

Thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge that secures nail to fingertips

43
Q

What is the eponychium/cuticle?

A

Narrow band of epidermis (stratum corneum) that extends from & adheres to lateral side of nail wall

44
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

Proximal portion of epithelium deep to the nail root whose cells divide mitotically

45
Q

What are glands of skin?

A

Specialized exocrine glands (contains ducts) found in dermis

46
Q

What are the 4 types of glands found in skin?

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Sudiferous
  3. Ceruminous
  4. Mammary
47
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Secretory portion of gland located in dermis & opens into neck of hair follicle

48
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • contains cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts
  • moistens hairs
  • waterproofs/soften skin
  • inhibits growth if bacteria & fungi (ringworm)
49
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A
  • lips
  • glans penis
  • labia minora
50
Q

What are the 2 types of sudiferous glands?

A
  1. Eccrine

2. Apocrine

51
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A
  • Secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface that terminates at epidermal pores
  • develop & function soon after birth
  • have an extensive distribution to most areas of skin (forehead, palms & soles)
52
Q

What is the function of eccrine glands?

A
  • thermoregulation via perspiration

- help eliminate wastes

53
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A
  • Secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens into hair follicle
  • start functioning at PUBERTY
  • limited in distribution to skin of axilla, groin, areolae & bearded area of men
  • secretions are more viscous appearing milky/yellowish
  • apocrine sweat has a musky odour/body odour
54
Q

What is the function of apocrine glands?

A

Release in response to emotional stress & during physical activity

55
Q

What are ceremonious glands?

A
  • modified sudiferous glands found in external auditory meatus
  • produce a waxy, lubricating secretion
56
Q

Where is the secretory portion of of ceruminous glands?

A

In subcutaneous layer, deep to sebaceous glands

57
Q

What do excretory ducts of ceruminous glands do?

A

Open to external auditory meatus surface / into ducts of sebaceous glands

58
Q

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

A
  • Barrier for entrance of foreign bodies

- Waterproofs canal

59
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Specialized sweat glands found in breasts

60
Q

What is the function of mammary glands?

A

Produce milk

61
Q

What is acne?

A
  • Bacterial inflammation of sebaceous glands

- Secretions are stimulated by hormones at puberty

62
Q

What is impacted cerumen?

A

An abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus/canal can result in impaction & prevent sound waves from reaching ear drum

Anatomy & Physiology 400 (3 decks)

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