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Anatomy & Physiology 400 > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What does the skin include?

A

Epidermis & Dermis

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1
Q

What 2 structures does the integumentary system include?

A
  1. Skin/Cutaneous Membrane

2. Accessory Structures

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2
Q

What are the 5 Accessory Structures?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Oil glands
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Nails
  5. Sensory receptors
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3
Q

The skin is a large organ composed of 4 tissue types. What are these 4 tissue types?

A
  1. Nerve
  2. Epithelial
  3. Connective
  4. Muscular
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4
Q

How thick is the skin on most of the body?

A

1-2mm thick

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5
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A
  1. Regulates/maintains body temperature
  2. Stores blood
  3. Protection from external environment
  4. Detects cutaneous sensations/provides sensory information about the surrounding environment
  5. Excretes & absorbs substances
  6. Synthesizes Vit. D
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6
Q

What’s the difference between the Epidermis & the Dermis?

A

EPIDERMIS:

  • superficial, thinner
  • contains epithelial tissue
  • avascular

DERMIS:

  • deep, thicker
  • contains connective tissue
  • vascular
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7
Q

What is deep to the dermis & NOT part of the skin?

A

Subcutaneous layer/Hypodermis

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8
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer/hypodermis consist of?

A

Areolar & Adipose tissue

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9
Q

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer/hypodermis?

A
  • fat storage
  • area for blood vessel passage
  • area of pressure-sensing nerve endings
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10
Q

What is the epidermis primarily composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the 4 Principle Cells of the Epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells (small fraction of epidermal cells)
  4. Merkel cells (least numerous of epidermal cells)
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12
Q

What are the 2 functions of Keratinocytes?

A
  1. produce KERATIN (w/c protects skin & underlying tissue from heat, microbes & chemicals)
  2. produce LAMELLAR GRANULES (w/c act as a waterproof sealant)
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13
Q

What is the function of Melanocytes?

A

-produce the pigment MELANIN (skin colour & absorbs UV light)

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14
Q

Where do Langerhan Cells derive from & what is the function?

A
  • derived from RBM

- participate in immune response

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15
Q

What are the 2 functions of Merkel Cells?

A
  1. Contact a tactile Merkel disc (sensory structure)

2. Detect touch sensations

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16
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis (deep to superficial)?

A
  1. Stratum Basale/Germinativum
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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17
Q

What is the Stratum Basale/Germinativum?

A
  • deepest layer
  • single row of Cuboidal/Columnar Keratinocytes
  • contains Merkel cells, Melanocytes, Keratinocytes & continuously dividing Stem cells (produce keratinocytes)
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18
Q

In the Statum Basale/Germinativum, Keratinocytes have a cytoskeleton called what? What does it form?

A
  • Tonafilaments/Keratin Intermediate Filaments

- form the protein Keratin in most superficial layers

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19
Q

How do cells attach in the Stratum Basale/Germinativum?

A

-attach to each other & basement membrane via Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes

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20
Q

When the germinal portion of the epidermis is destroyed, new skin can’t regenerate. What is required for healing?

A

Skin graft

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21
Q

What is the Stratum Spinosum? How do cells attach?

A

8-10 cell layers held together

-via Desmosomes (provides skin strength & flexibility)

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22
Q

What happens to the cells & what is the appearance of Stratum Spinosum during slide preparation?

A

cells SHRINK & appear SPINY

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23
Q

In the Stratum Spinosum, what is taken in by keratinocytes via phagocytosis?

A

Melanin

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24
Q

What are present in the Stratum Spinosum?

A
  • Langerhans cells

- Projection of Melanocytes

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25
Q

What is the Stratum Granulosum? What does it undergo?

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells

  • transition between deeper, metabolically active strata & dead cells of more superficial strata
  • undergo “apoptosis” (show nuclear degeneration)
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26
Q

In the Stratum Granulosum, what do keratinocytes contain?

A
  • Dark-staining granules of the protein Keratohyalin (w/c converts tonofilaments into keratin)
  • Lamellar granules (release lipid w/c repels water)
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27
Q

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

A

4-6 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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28
Q

The Stratum Lucidum is present only where?

A
  • Fingertips
  • Palms of hands
  • Soles of feet
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29
Q

What is the function of the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Provide additional level of “toughness” to thick skin

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30
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum? What is it surrounded by?

A

25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with Keratin

-surrounded by Lipids

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31
Q

What does lamellar granules in the Stratum Corneum do?

A

Make the layer water-repellant

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32
Q

The Stratum Corneum acts as a barrier to what 5 things?

A
  1. light
  2. heat
  3. water
  4. chemicals
  5. bacteria
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33
Q

Constant exposure of the Stratum Corneum to friction causes what?

A

Increase in depth with the formation of Callus (abormal thickening of skin)

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34
Q

Stem cells divide to produce what?

A

Keratinocytes

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35
Q

As keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface, they will fill with what?

A

Keratin

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36
Q

What is Keratinization? When does it occur?

A
  • Replacement of cell contents with the protein Keratin

- Occurs as cell move to the skin surface over 4-6 weeks

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37
Q

What play roles in epidermal growth?

A
  • Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

- other hormone-like proteins

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38
Q

What is the Dermis?

A
  • Connective tissue layer composed of Dense Irregular CT

- Thicker than the epidermis; thickness varies, thickest in soles/palms

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39
Q

The dermis contains what 6 components?

A
  1. Fibres
  2. Cells
  3. Hair follicles
  4. Glands
  5. Nerves
  6. Blood vessels
40
Q

What 2 fibres are in the dermis?

A
  1. Collagen fibres

2. Elastic fibres

41
Q

What are collagen fibres?

A

Parallel bunches that allow for strength/resist pull, but allow flexibility

42
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

Fibres that are strong, but can stretch 150%

43
Q

What 3 cells are in the dermis?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Fat cells
44
Q

What does fibroblasts do?

A

Secrete fibres & ground substance of extra cellular matrix

45
Q

What does macrophages do?

A

Engulf bacteria & cellular debris via phagocytosis

46
Q

What does fat cells do?

A

Store triglycerides

47
Q

In what other type of tissues in the body might you find collagen fibres?

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
  • tendons
48
Q

In what other type of tissues in the body might you find elastic fibres?

A
  • blood vessels

- lung tissue

49
Q

What is Elasticity?

A

The ability to return back to original shape

50
Q

What is Extensibility?

A

The ability to stretch

51
Q

What is Tensile strength?

A

Resists pulling/stretching forces

52
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary region

2. Reticular region

53
Q

What is the papillary region?

A
  • thin collagen & elastic fibres

- surface area is increased by finger-like projections called Dermal Papillae

54
Q

What are the 3 functions of Dermal Papillae (ie. epidermal ridges) ?

A
  1. Anchors epidermis to dermis
  2. Contain capillaries that feed epidermis
  3. Contains Meissner’s corpuscles & Free nerve endings
55
Q

What sensation is associated with Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Touch

56
Q

What 5 sensations is associated with free nerve endings?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Cold
  3. Pain
  4. Tickle
  5. Itch
57
Q

What are the percentages for the 2 major regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary region: Top 20%

Reticular region: Bottom 80%

58
Q

The reticular region is attached to what?

A

Subcutaneous layer

59
Q

What are the 10 components of the reticular region?

A
  1. Thick collagen fibres
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Wandering cells (ie. Macrophages)
  4. Some adipose cells in deepest regions
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Nerves
  7. Sebaceous glands
  8. Suderiferous glands
  9. Ducts
  10. Hair follicles
60
Q

What 6 components in the reticular region occupy spaces between fibers?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Nerves
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Suderiferous glands
  5. Ducts
  6. Hair follicles
61
Q

What does the combination of collagen & elastic fibers in the reticular region do?

A

Give the skin strength, extensibility & elasticity

62
Q

What does epidermal ridges create?

A

A strong bond between epidermis & dermis in regions of high mechanical stress

63
Q

What does the increased surface area in epidermal ridges do?

A
  • increase friction for better grip
  • increase number of Meissner’s corpuscles w/c increase tactile sensitivity
  • create fingerprints
64
Q

What are the 3 pigments in the dermis?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
65
Q

Where is Melanin produced?

A

Epidermis

66
Q

What produces Melanin?

A

Melanocytes

67
Q

Melanocytes convert what to melanin?

A

Tyrosine

68
Q

What increases melanin production?

A

UV in sunlight

69
Q

Carotene is found where?

A
  • Stratum Corneum

- Dermis

70
Q

What colour is Carotene?

A

Yellow-orange

71
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells

72
Q

UV exposure increases what?

A

Melanin production

73
Q

What’s does Melanin do?

A
  • gives tanned appearance
  • protects body from UV damage
  • absorbs UV radiation (protects damage to epidermal cell DNA)
74
Q

How is does a skin tan fade?

A

When dead keratinocytes shed from Stratum Corneum

75
Q

What is a Callus?

A

Abormal thickening of Stratum Corneum

76
Q

A callus is the result of what?

A

Constant exposure of skin to friction that stimulates cell & keratin production

77
Q

What is dandruff?

A

Excessive keratinized cells that shed skin from scalp

78
Q

What is psoriasis?

A
  • Chronic skin disorder characterized by more rapid division & movement of keratinocytes through epidermal strata.
  • Immature keratinocytes produce abnormal keratin that forms flaky silvery scales
79
Q

Psoriasis is most common in what 3 areas?

A
  1. Knees
  2. Elbow
  3. Scalp
80
Q

What is indicated if new skin can’t regenerate (Stratum Basale & its stem cells are destroyed)?

A

Skin graft

81
Q

What are the 2 types of skin graft?

A
  1. Autograft (self)

2. Isograft (twin)

82
Q

What are Striae/Stretch marks?

A

Ruptured small dermal blood vessels when skin is overstretched & lateral bonds between collagen fibres break

83
Q

What are tension lines/lines of cleavage?

A
  • Collagen fibres in reticular region orient in one direction
  • Indicate predominant direction of underlying collagen fibres
84
Q

What are freckles?

A
  • genetic predisposition

- melanin accumulates in patches, reddish brown

85
Q

What are age spots/liver spots?

A
  • flat blemishes, light brown to black (darker than freckles)
  • accumulations of melanin over time d/t sunlight
  • M/C over 40
86
Q

What is a mole/nevus?

A
  • round, flat/raised benign overgrowth of melanocytes

- develops in childhood/adolescence

87
Q

What is albinism?

A
  • Inherited inability to produce melanin d/t melanocytes inability to produce tyrosinase
  • Melanin not present in hair, eyes, skin
  • Affects vision & sunburn easily
88
Q

What is vitiligo?

A
  • Complete/partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin (white skin)
  • May be d/t an autoimmune response in w/c antibodies attack melanocytes
89
Q

What is jaundice?

A
  • yellowish colour to skin & whites of eyes

- buildup of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease

90
Q

What is cyanosis?

A
  • bluish colour to nail beds & skin

- hemoglobin depleted of oxygen (purple-blue)

91
Q

What is pallor?

A

Paleness maybe d/t shock/anemia

92
Q

What is erythema?

A
  • redness of skin d/t enlargement of capillaries in dermis

- during inflammation, infection, allergy or burns

93
Q

If one is dark skinned, where do you look for circulation issues?

A
  • nail beds

- gums

94
Q

What is transdermal drug administration?

A

Method of drug passage across epidermis & into blood vessels of dermis

95
Q

Where is drug absorption most rapid?

A

Areas where skin is thin (scrotum, face & scalp)

96
Q

What are pressure ulcers/decubitus ulcers/bedsores?

A

Constant deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection that’s subjected to prolonged pressure

97
Q

What is eczema?

A
  • inflammation of skin characterized by red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin
  • cause is idiopathic; linked to genetics & allergies
98
Q

Where does eczema mostly occur?

A

In skin creases of wrist, backs of knees & fronts of elbows

Anatomy & Physiology 400 (3 decks)

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