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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 5- Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What system is the first line of defense against a hostile surrounding environment?

A

Integumentary

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2
Q

What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

A

Epidermis, dermis

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3
Q

**Functions of skin

A
  1. Protection of underlying tissues & organs
  2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
  3. Maintenance of body temp (insulation and evaporation)
  4. Production of melanin
  5. Production of keratin
  6. Synthesis of Vitamin D3
  7. Storage of lipids
  8. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, temp
  9. Coordination of immune response
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4
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Avascular Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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5
Q

Thin skin

A
  • covers most of the body

- has 4 layers of keratinocytes

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6
Q

Thick skin

A
  • covers palms of hands and soles of feet

- has 5 layers of keratinocytes

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7
Q
  1. Stratum Corneum
A

-Layer you see, flat dead cell, many layers thick, upper layers are continuously sluffed off

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8
Q
  1. Stratum Lucidum
A

ONLY FOUND IN THICK SKIN

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9
Q
  1. Stratum Granolusum
A

-Cells start to flatten, Plasma membrane becomes thicker, organelles and cell dies off

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10
Q
  1. Stratum Spinosum
A
  • Spiny structure

- keratinocytes

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11
Q
  1. Stratum Basale
A
  • Mitotically active cells
  • Produce cells for all other layers
  • Cuboidal shaped
  • Contains melanocytes
  • 1 layer of cells thick!
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12
Q

Keratin

A

Tough, fibrous protein
Decreases water loss
Makes up hair and nails

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13
Q

What produces orange-yellow pigment in skin?

A

Carotene

-carrots, sweet potatoes

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14
Q

What produces red-yellow/brown-black pigment in skin?

A

Melanin

  • melanocytes
  • protects skin from sun damage
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15
Q

Blood circulation

A
  • Blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens

- Blood flow decreases, skin pales

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16
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • bluish skin tint

- caused by severe reduction of blood flow/oxygenation

17
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellow color

- buildup of bile produced by liver

18
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • loss of melanocytes & color

- may develop when immune system malfunctions

19
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • most common skin cancer
  • originates in stratum basale in response to UV radiation
  • virtually no metastasis and most ppl survive
20
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A
  • cancerous melanocytes
  • metastasize through lymphatic system
  • detected early, 5-yr survival is 99%, detected until after metastasis, 5-yr survival is 14%
21
Q

ABCDE rule to detect melanoma

A

A: Asymmetry: the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Border exhibits indentations
C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of pencil eraser)
E: Evolving

22
Q

Vitamin D3

A

-Epidermal cells produce CHOLECALCIFEROL (Vitamin D3) in the presence of UV radiation
-Liver and kidneys convert Vitamin D3 into Calcitriol
CALCITRIOL: Aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Insufficient V.d3 can cause rickets

23
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A
  1. Papillary: Areolar (arena for immune system), capillarys providing blood to epidermis
  2. Reticular: Dense irregular connective tissue (collagen & elastic fibers), large blood vessels
24
Q

Dermal strength and elasticity

A
  1. Collagen fibers
    - impart strength
    - provide flexibilty and resists punctures
  2. Elastic Fibers
    - Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
  3. Skin Turgor
    - result of the fibers & water content
    - Can be used to indication hydration levels
25
Q

**Blood osmolarity

A

normal 300 osmol
above 300: Dehydrated - Hypotonic IV
below 300: Overhydrated - Hypertonic IV

26
Q

Lines of Cleavage

A

clinically significant for surgery and wound healing
parallel to cleavage: better healing, less scarring
perpendicular to cleavage: remain open and more scarring

27
Q

Dermal blood supply

A

Cutaneous plexus: A network of arteries along the reticular layer
Papillary plexus: Capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer

28
Q

Nerve fibers in skin control

A

Blood flow
Gland secretions
Sensory receptors

29
Q

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

A

Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
F: -Cushioning, energy storage, insulation
Attaches to skin but allows independent movement

30
Q

Hair follicles

A
  • produce hairs that protect skull

- produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations

31
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Assist in thermoregulation
  • Excrete wastes
  • Lubricate epidermis
32
Q

Nails

A

Protect and support tips of fingers and toes

33
Q

Functions of hair

A

protects and insulates
guards openings against particles and insects
sensory, sensitive to very light touch

34
Q

**Repair of the integumentary system

A
  1. Inflammatory Phase
    - bleeding occurs at the site of injury immediately after the injury, and mast cells in the region trigger an inflammatory response
  2. Migratory Phase
    - a scab forms and cells of the stratum basale are migrating along the edges of the wound.
    - phagocytic cells remove debris
  3. Proliferation Phase
    - Epidermal cells migrated over the collagen fiber meshwork
    - fibrin clot dissolving
  4. Scarring Phase
    - scab has been shed
    - Fibroblasts continue to create scar tissue

anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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