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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 4- Tissue level of organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Tissue level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
    -Covers exposed surfaces
    -Lines internal passageways
    -Forms glands
    EX: skin, tubules of kidneys
  2. Connective Tissue
    -Supports other tissues
    -Transports materials
    -Stores energy
    EX: adipose (fats)
  3. Muscle Tissue
    -Specialized for contraction
    EX: Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs
  4. Neural Tissue
    -Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another,
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

CHARACTERISTICS: A lot of cells, Apical (free edge) & Basal (connects cells to body. connective) surface, avascular (no blood vessels), highly mitotic
FUNCTIONS: Protection, control, permeability, nerve sensations, produce secretions (sweat, sebum, hormones)
CELL JUNCTIONS: tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes

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3
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Prevent passageway of fluid btwn cells

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4
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow ion movement btwn cells

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5
Q

Desmosomes

A

Prevent the cells from pulling apart, zipper likes attachments

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6
Q

*Specializations of Epithelial Cells

A
  1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
  2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
  3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)
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7
Q

**Polarity

A
  1. Apical surfaces
    - Microvilli, Cilia
  2. Basolateral surfaces
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8
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase absorption or secretion

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9
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluid such as mucous

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10
Q

Epithelia can easily be sorted into categories based on what two criteria?

A

Layers and Shape of cell

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11
Q

What 3 basic shapes do epithelia possess?

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

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12
Q

Once you have determined the shape of the superficial cells, then you will need to look at the number of cell layers. You have two options, what are they?

A

Simple, Stratified

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13
Q

*Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

-one layer thick, thin & flat
LOCATION: Serous membrane, lines blood vessels and heart, alveoli of lungs
FUNCTIONS: Reduce friction; controls vessel permeability absorption and secretions

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14
Q

*Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

-mult. layers thick, thin and flat apical surface
LOCATION: Skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, anus & vagina
FUNCTIONS: Protect against physical abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

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15
Q

*Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

-one layer, as tall as they are wide
LOCATION: glands & ducts, kidney tubules
FUNCTION: secretion, but some absorption

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16
Q

*Transitional Epithelium

A

-mult. layers, varying shapes
LOCATION: Urinary tract
FUNCTION: Stretching and coiling

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17
Q

*Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

-one layer thick, taller than they are wide
LOCATION: Stomach & intestines, uterine tubes, portions of kidney tubules
FUNCTION: Protection, secretion & absorption (microvilli)

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18
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

-mult. layers, false
LOCATION: Lines upper respiratory tract
FUNCTION: move mucus across apical surface with cilia

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19
Q

*Endocrine epithelial glands

A
  • Ductless

- Secrete hormones directly into blood (or ISF)

20
Q

*Exocrine epithelial glands

A
  • Ducted

- Don’t secrete into blood but onto epithelial surfaces

21
Q

**Exocrine glands modes of secretion

A
  1. Merocrine secretions
    -Released by cell by exocytosis
    EX: salivary glands
  2. Apocrine secretions
    -Released from cell along w/ apical surface of cell
    EX: breast milk
  3. Holocrine secretions
    -Whole cell bursts
    EX: sebaceous glands
22
Q

Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS: Framework, transport nutrients & dissolved gases, protect delicate organs, support other tissue, store energy, defense against pathogens

23
Q

3 general categories of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    -connect and protect
    EX: loose and dense connective tissue
  2. Fluid connective tissues
    -Transport
    EX: blood and lymph
  3. Supporting connective tissue
    -Structural strength
    EX: cartilage and bone
24
Q
  1. Two categories of connective tissue proper
A
  • Loose connective tissue

- Dense connective tissue

25
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

-more ground substance. fewer fibers
Ex: Fat (adipose)
1. Areolar
Ex: collagen, elastic immune cells, fibrocytes
F: Packing material & provide an arena for immune response**
L: Dermis of skin, covered by epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; btwn muscles, around joints, blood vessels and nerves

  1. Adipose
    Ex: Adipocytes
    F: Cushioning and insulation, energy storage
    L: Subcutaneous, buttocks & breasts, padding around eyes & kidneys
  2. Reticular
    Ex: Reticularfibers
    F: Structural support to some organs
    L: Liver, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, bone marrow
26
Q

Dense connective tissue

A 
-more fibers, less ground substance
Ex: tendons
1. Regular
-collagen (parallel)
F: Provide strength in one direction
L: Tendons & ligaments
  1. Irregular
    -collagen (not parallel)
    F: Provide strength in all directions
    L: Dermis, outer coating of some organs
27
Q
  1. Fluid connective tissues
A

Blood- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, immune, transport nutrients & clotting
Lymph- immune and transport leaked fluids back to the blood

28
Q
  1. Supporting
A

Cartilage-
Hyaline- present in joints, respiratory tract and immature skeleton
Elastic- elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage- collagen fibers
Bone- support, internal storage of calcium & blood cell production

29
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Collagen fibers: strength
Reticular fibers: small, branchy collagen fibers
Elastic fibers: stretch and recoil

30
Q

Immune Cells

A

most cells - secrete histamine

31
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce connective tissue fibers

32
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Maintain connective tissue fibers

33
Q

Adipocyte

A

Energy storage

34
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells which can differentiate into fibroblasts

35
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine and heparin

36
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes that engulf damaged cells or pathogens

37
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Defense of the body; some produce antibodies

38
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce a brown pigment called melanin

39
Q

Many allergy sufferers take antihistamines to relieve their allergy symptoms. Which cells produce the molecule that this medication blocks?

A

Mast cells and basophils produce histamine

40
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal- voluntary muscles
Smooth-line hollow organs (involuntary)
Cardiac- heart (involuntary)

41
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Neurons- communication

Glial- support neurons

42
Q

Cells restore homeostasis with 2 processes

A
  1. Inflammation

2. Regeneration

43
Q

** Inflammation

A

-The tissue’s first response to injury, triggered by trauma/ infection
Cardinal signs of inflammatory response include:
Swelling, Redness, Heat, Pain

Chemicals released by mast cells

  • Prostaglandins: cause pain, lets you know you’re injured
  • Histamines: vasodilation, causes a leak of blood which causes localized edema (SWELLING)
  • *Increased blood circulation causes redness, heat, bringing more nutrients and oxygen; removing waste
  • Heparin: limits blood clotting
  • -*Histamines also cause heat, making cells replicate faster
44
Q

Regeneration

A

Fibrocytes move to the area and produce collagen, will get remodeled to look like original tissue by mitosis

45
Q

Age-related factors that affect tissue repair and structure

A
  • Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
  • Hormonal alterations
  • Reduced physical activity
46
Q

What would account for the observed increase in cancer rates with age?

A
  • joint pain and broken bones
  • mental deterioration
  • cardiovascular disease

Anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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