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BIO-110 SCSU > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What mechanisms do sebaceous glands use to excrete their products?

A

holocrine excretion

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2
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands called?

A

eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine glands

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3
Q

First degree burns affect which layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

What are the 7 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protect tissues and organs, 2. excrete salts and organic waste, 3. thermoregulation via insulation and evaporative cooling, 4. UV protection melanin production, 5. Produces vitamin D, 6. Energy storage via dermal adipocyte, 7. sensory in put —nerves for temperature, pressure, pain, etc.
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5
Q

What are the 2 layers of cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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6
Q

How many layers are in the epidermis?

A

4 (5 on palms and soles)

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7
Q

What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?

A

stratum coronum, (lucidum–only in palms and soles), granulosum, spinosum, basale

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8
Q

What are the body’s most abundant epithelial cells?

A

keratinocytes

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9
Q

Keratinocytes are constandly produced by ______ cells in the stratum ___________.

A

stem; basale

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10
Q

Which of the strata is exposed to the environment?

A

stratum coronum

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11
Q

What is the lifespan of the cells in the stratum coronum?

A

2 weeks

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12
Q

Which strata is only found in “thick skin”?

A

stratum lucidum

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13
Q

The stratum granulosum is make up of 3-5 layers of _________.

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

What phase of cell grown are keratinocytes in?

A

Go

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15
Q

In which layer does keratinization occur?

A

stratum granulosum

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16
Q

Langerhans cells are found in which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

what layer of the epidermis borders the dermis (i.e. what is the deepest layer of the epidermis)?

A

stratum basale

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18
Q

What sense are Merkel nerve cells responsible for?

A

touch

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19
Q

Separates the integument and the fascia of the deeper organs.

A

Hypodermis

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20
Q

These extend into the dermis and increase surface area.

A

Epidermal ridges

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21
Q

These project into the epidermis and work to tightly bind the layers.

A

Dermal papillae

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22
Q

What 2 things affect skin color?

A

Pigments and blood flow

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23
Q

A brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment

A

Melanin

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24
Q

Pigment producing cells ; found in the stratum basale

A

Melanocytes

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25
Q

Transport packets bringing melanin to keratinocytes

A

Melansomes

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26
Q

An orange-yellow pigment that accumulates in epidermal cells ; most apparent in the stratum corneum

A

Carotene

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27
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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28
Q

Highly vascularized areolar tissue ; blood and lymphatic vessels are found here

A

Papillary layer

29
Q

Dense layer of irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

A

Reticular layer

30
Q

Touch sensitive ; between epidermal cells

A

Free nerve endings

31
Q

Detect texture and steady pressure ; found deep in epidermis

A

Tactile discs

32
Q

Detect delicate touch, pressure, and vibrations ; found in the papillary layer

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

33
Q

Detects strong pressure/vibration ; found in both dermis and hypodermis

A

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

34
Q

Sensitive to pressure and stretching of the skin ; found in the reticular layer

A

Ruffini corpuscles

35
Q

Erythma

A

Redness and inflammation of the skin

36
Q

Why are second degree burns the most painful?

A

Because the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is afflicted

37
Q

What are full-thickness burns? and what do they affect?

A

Third degree burns ; affects the entire epidermis, dermis, and some of the hypodermis

38
Q

What is the rules of nines?

A

Provides a quick estimate for the surface area affected by burns ; different for children

39
Q

What is the most common cancer? and why?

A

Skin cancer ; typically caused by over-exposure to UV radiation

40
Q

4 phases of integument repair and regeneration

A

Inflammatory, migratory, proliferation, scarring

41
Q

Injury triggers mast cells to initiate a response

A

Inflammatory phase

42
Q

Several hours post-injury ; scab forms over the would ; acts as a temporary epidermis

A

Migratory phase

43
Q

Granulation

A

Combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillarization

44
Q

1 week post injury ; epidermal cells undermine the scab

A

Proliferation phase

45
Q

Several weeks post injury ; scab is gone ; epidermis complete

A

Scarring phase

46
Q

Peptide growth factor ; produced in glands of the mouth and duodenum

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

47
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulates fibroblasts and collagen synthesis, basal cell division, epidermal thickening

48
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

Maintain sub-papillary plexus blood flow

49
Q

Cell division, epidermal thickness, dendritic cells that defend against cancer

A

Sex hormones

50
Q

What is another name for cholecalciferol?

A

Vitamin D

51
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Stimulates calcium and phosphate uptake in the intestines

52
Q

Define/describe finger and toe nails.

A

Areas of dead, tightly packed (dense) keratin-filled cells

53
Q

What portion of the nail is visibly seen?

A

the nail body

54
Q

What is the source of nail growth?

A

Nail root

55
Q

What is the name of the proximal extension of stratum corneum (cuticle)?

A

Eponychium

56
Q

define: hyponychium

A

Thickened stratum corneum at the distal portion of the nail

57
Q

Terminal hair

A

Large, coarse, typically dark ; found on scalp + armpits

58
Q

Smaller, shorter, more delicate ; found on body surface

A

Vellus hair

59
Q

Portion of the hair seen on the surface.

A

Hair shaft

60
Q

Anchors hair in the skin

A

Hair root

61
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Sensory nerves that surround the base of each follicle

62
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Produces secretions that coat the hair and surrounding skin

63
Q

Comprised of matrix daughter cells ; has flexible keratin

A

Medulla

64
Q

An intermediate layer of daughter cells underlying the cuticle

A

Cortex

65
Q

Daughter cells produced at the edge of the matrix ; forms the surface of hair shaft

A

Cuticle

66
Q

The oily mixture that the sebaceous glad secretes

A

Sebum

67
Q

The muscle that squeezes the sebaceous glad

A

Arrector pilli muscles

68
Q

The mechanism that is used in apocrine sweat glands

A

Merocrine secretion

BIO-110 SCSU (8 decks)

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