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anatomy and physiology exam 2 > chapter 5-integumentary system > Flashcards

chapter 5-integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

integument

A

-“covering” ~16% of body mass
-composed of cutaneous membrane, epidermis(superficial epithelium), dermis(underlying C.T w/blood supply) & accessory structures

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2
Q

functions of integument system

A
  1. protect underlying tissue from infection, exposure & dehydration
  2. excrete salts, water & organic wastes
  3. maintain normal temp. (conserve & radiate heat)
  4. synthesize vitamin D3 for calcium metabolism
  5. store nutrients (fat)
  6. sensory detection: touch, pressure, pain & temp.
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3
Q

what layer of the epidermis are stem cells located?

A

stratum basale

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4
Q

in the stratum granulosum layer, the keratinocytes are full of keratin fibers,
lamellated granules and what other granules?

A

keratohyaline

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5
Q

epidermal ridges

A

pattern of fingerprints created by the undulations

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6
Q

vitamin A is supplied to your epithelium from what yellow-orange pigment from plant material in your diet?

A

carotene

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7
Q

what is the function of melanin in keratinocytes?

A

protectin of the DNA from UV damage

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8
Q

an albino person fails to produce what?

A

melanin

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9
Q

cells of the lower layers of the epidermis use UV energy and cholesterol to produce what vitamin?

A

D3

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10
Q

the papillary layer is composed of what type of tissue?

A

areolar connective

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11
Q

lamellated corpuscles/pacinian corpuscles

A

the pressure and vibration receptors located in the reticular layer of the dermis

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12
Q

hair, nails, cutaneous glands, and epidermis are all composed of what type of tissue?

A

epithelial

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13
Q

the fat, rounded end of a hair follicle that contains the papilla and matrix is the what?

A

hair bulb

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14
Q

what is the shiny surface layer of hair?

A

cuticle

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15
Q

what is the hair matrix?

A

stem cells that divide to make hair

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16
Q

what is the function of the root hair plexus?

A

detect hair movement

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17
Q

contraction of the what muscle pulls the hair follicle perpendicular to the skin?

A

arrector pili

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18
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce?

A

sebum

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19
Q

where does sensible perspiration come from?

A

merocrine/eccrine sudoriferous glands

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20
Q

where on the body are the ceruminous glands?

A

external ear canal

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21
Q

apocrine sudoriferous glands are active when in your life?

A

after puberty

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22
Q

true or false: the growth cycle of both hair and nails is the same?

A

false: hair is cyclic with a resting phase of no growth, nails are continous

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23
Q

following injury to the dermis, what cells begin secreting collagen?

A

fibroblasts

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24
Q

following an injury to the cutaneous membrane, mesenchymal cells are important to replace what?

A

connective tissue cells

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25
Q

keloid

A

a visible scar following repair of the skin

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26
Q

why is a patient with second and third-degree burns more prone to dehydration?

A

loss of keratinized epidermis results in increased insensible perspiration

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27
Q

why are the elderly more prone to overheating in hot weather?

A

reduced function of eccrine sudoriferous glands results in less evaporative cooling

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28
Q

epidermis(superficial integument/ superficial cutaneous membrane)

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
-avascular
-mostly keratinocytes
-two type: thick & thin skin

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29
Q

kertainocytes

A

cells filled with soft keratin protein

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30
Q

thick skin

A

-up to 0.5mm, 5 layers, no hair
-palms of hands & soles of feet

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31
Q

thin skin

A

-0.1mm or less, 4 layers, usually hairy
-most of body

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32
Q

stratum basale (layer of the epidermis

A

-single layer attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
-extends into the dermis as an epidermal ridge
-cells mostly basal /germinative cells(stem cells) that constantly divide
-some melanocytes & tactile discs/merkel cells in hairless skin (touch receptors)

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33
Q

stratum spinosum (layer of the epidermis)

A

-8-10 layers of keratinocytes attached by desmosomes
-some cells can divide
-some epidermal dendritic cells/ langerhans cells present (immune response)

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34
Q

stratum granulosum (layer of the epidermis)

A

-3-5 layer of keratinocytes producing keratin fibers
-contain keratohyaline & lamellated granules
-no cell division
-nuclei & organelles begin to disintegrate

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35
Q

stratum lucidum (layer of epidermis)

A

-thick skin only
-flat packed keratin filled kerationocytes

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36
Q

stratum corneum (layer of epidermis)

A

15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes that have been keratinized(cornified)

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37
Q

keratinized (cornified)

A

-soft keratin fibers glued parallel arrays by keratohyaline & extracellular space filled with glycolipids from lamellated granules
-water & chemical resistant

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38
Q

fingerprints

A

function to enhance gripping

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39
Q

callus

A

thickening of the epidermis due to repeat friction

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40
Q

blister

A

separation of epidermal layers or epidermis from dermis, space fills with interstitial fluid

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41
Q

pigment based

A

epidermal pigments & blood pigments contribute to skin color

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42
Q

carotene (epidermal pigmentation)

A

-yellow-orange from diet
-converted into vitamin A
-localized to epithelium
-functions in normal maintenance of epithelia & photoreceptors
-excess accumulates in stratum corneum

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43
Q

melanin (epidermal pigmentation)

A

-brown from melanocytes
-for UV protection

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44
Q

melanocytes

A

-in stratum basale
-synthesize melanin from tyrosine (amino acid)
-packed in melanosomes
-transferred to the cytoplasm of keratinocytes
-cluster around the topside of the nucleus
-eventually digested by lysosomes

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45
Q

pale people

A

small melanosomes present only in stratum basale & spinosum

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46
Q

dark people

A

larger, greater # of melanosomes, retained up through stratum granulosum

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47
Q

freckle

A

overproduction of melanin from a single melanocyte

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48
Q

UV exposure

A

-some needed for vitamin D3 production
-excess = damage(DNA mutations)
-fibroblasts -> altered C.T. structure (wrinkles)

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49
Q

epidermal cells (excess of UV exposure)

A

melanocytes -> cancers: squamous cell carcinoma melanoma

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50
Q

dermal circulation

A

hemoglobin pigment

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51
Q

oxygenated blood

A

red color, hemoglobin in RBCs, through skin looks pink

52
Q

vasodilation of oxygenated blood

A

skin looks more red

53
Q

vasoconstriction of oxygenated blood

A

skin looks more pale

54
Q

cyanosis

A

low oxygen, blood deep purple, skin appears blue/purple resulting from low temp. heart failure & asthma

55
Q

jaundice

A

liver fails to excrete bile, accumulates in the skin turning it yellow

56
Q

Addisons disease

A

pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates melanocytes resulting in excess melanin, bronzing

57
Q

albinism

A

genetic mutation in melanin biosynthesis pathway. lack of pigmentation in skin, hair & eyes

58
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune disease -> destruction of melanocytes

59
Q

vitamin D3 production

A

-cells of stratum spinosum and basal UV energy + cholesterol = vitamin D3
-vitamin D3 used by the kidney to synthesize the hormone calcitriol
-calcitriol necessary to signal small intestine to absorb calcium
-no vitD -> no calcitriol -> no calcium absorption -> weak bones

60
Q

dermis (deep integument/ deep cutenous membrane

A

-contains: all cells of C.T> proper, accessory organs of integument(hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, sensory receptors
-two layers: papillary & reticular layers

61
Q

papillary layer (layer of the dermis)

A

thin (20%) areolar connective tissue, comprise dermal papillae, function to feed epidermis

62
Q

reticular layer (layer of the dermis)

A

thick (80%), dense irregular connective tissue, elastic & collagen, function to provide strength & flexibility

63
Q

wrinkles

A

dermis stretched beyond in elastic capacity, collagen fibers damaged

64
Q

stretch marks

A

-collagen & elastic fibers torn
-cells parallel to lines of cleavage will has faster & with less scar than those perpendicular

65
Q

lines of cleavage

A

collagen & elastic fibers arranged in parallel bundles aligned to resist excepted direction of force

66
Q

contusion

A

bruise, trauma that ruptures blood vessels but doesn’t break skin, blood pools in dermis and must be removed by phagocytes (slow process)

67
Q

tactile/merkel cells

A

deep layer of epidermis, superficial touch

68
Q

free nerve endings

A

superficial dermis, pain & temperature

69
Q

tactile/meissner’s corpuscles

A

superficial dermis, light touch

70
Q

lamellated/pacinian corpuscles

A

deep dermis, pressure & vibration

71
Q

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

-areolar & adipose C.T.
-tightly interwoven with the reticular layer of the dermis
-not part of the cutaneous membrane
-stabilizes the position of skin while permitting independent movement of skin & muscles
-no vital organs: safe for SubQ injection, vascular for quick absorption

72
Q

subcutaneous layers during children, puberty, male & femaes

A

children: even layer of adipose
puberty: adipose shifts
male: neck, arms, abdomen, lower back
female: breasts, butt, hips, thigh

73
Q

what are the 4 accessory structures of integument

A
  1. hair follicles & hair
  2. sebaceous & sweat glands
  3. nails
    *all of these structures are anchored in the dermis but are derived from epidermal tissue
74
Q

hair

A

-human body: ~ 2.5 million, 75% on body
-everywhere except palms, soles, lips & certain genitalia
-hair itself is dead but derived from live epidermal tissue

75
Q

hair follicle

A

-tube of stratified squamous epithelium anchored in dermis; surrounds, supports & produces hair
-two layers: internal & external sheath

76
Q

internal root sheath (layer of hair follicle)

A

contacts hair

77
Q

external root sheath (layer of hair follicle)

A

contacts glassy membrane

78
Q

glassy membrane

A

thick basal lamina between epithelial follicle & connective tissue dermis

79
Q

hair bulb

A

expanded base of follicle where cell division occurs surrounds papilla & matrix

80
Q

hair papilla

A

connective tissue at base of bulb, contains capillaries and nerves & support matrix

81
Q

hair matrix

A

dividing epithelial cells and melanocytes above papilla that form new hair

82
Q

hair root

A

embedded in dermis, not yet fully formed; contains live cells

83
Q

hair shaft

A

-pokes through the epidermis; fully organized dead hair
-has 3 layers: cuticle, cortex, medulla

84
Q

cuticle (layer of hair shaft)

A

outermost, overlapping dead keratinized cells from shiny surface

85
Q

cortex (layer of hair shaft)

A

middle layer, dead cells contain hard keratin to provide stiffness

86
Q

medulla (layer of hair shaft)

A

core, dead cells contain soft keratin and air to provide flexibility

87
Q

flattened shaft (determines feel of hair shaft)

A

kinky hair

88
Q

oval shaft (determines feel of hair shaft)

A

silky & wavy hair

89
Q

round shaft (determines feel of hair shaft)

A

straight & often stiff hair

90
Q

vellus hairs (type of hair produced)

A

-“peach fuzz”
-lacks medulla
-covers body, at puberty hormone can trigger switch to terminal hairs

91
Q

terminal hairs (type of hair produced)

A

-thick, coarse, pigmented
-all three-layers

92
Q

hair color

A

-range from yellow to black due to melanin & melanocytes in hair matrix
-red: iron added
-melanin stored in the medulla & cortex
-with age, melanin declines & air pockets in medulla increase = gray or white hair

93
Q

hair growth

A

~0.33mm/day, not continuous: cycle of
growth and rest

94
Q

active phase of hair growth

A

new hair added to hair root by dividing cells of hair matrix (weeks-years)

95
Q

regressive phase of hair growth

A

cells of hair matrix stop
dividing, hair root and hair papilla separate loose hair = club hair

96
Q

resting phase of hair growth

A

cells of hair matrix and hair
follicle remains inactive (1-3 months)

97
Q

hair length differences

A

-difference in time
spent in active phase
-eyebrows = few months
-head = many years

98
Q

history or exposure of a person through their hair

A

during hair growth nutrients and toxins incorporated into hair

99
Q

alopecia

A

shift from terminal hair to vellus hair, thinning/balding, some degree expected with age

100
Q

male pattern baldness

A

-genetic alopecia, early age onset
-treatments: aimed at converting vellus hairs
to terminal hairs

101
Q

hair removal

A

-difficult to achieve a permanent result
-any remaining matrix cells can regenerate all hair follicle structures

102
Q

hair functions

A

head: UV protection, cushion head from trauma & insulation
nostrils, ear canals, eyelashes: prevent entry of foreign materials
body hair: sensor detection

103
Q

root hair plexus

A

sensory nerves at
the base of hair follicles that detect slight movement of hair

104
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

-attached to every hair follicle
-contract to stand hair perpendicular to the skin
surface (goose bumps)
-smooth muscle: involuntary

105
Q

sebaceous glands (exocrine)

A

-holocrine secretion
-secrete sebum into hair follicle
-functions: lubricate & protect, prevent evaporation & inhibit bacterial growth
-sebaceous glands active in the fetus, then off until puberty, on whole adult life

106
Q

sebum

A

lipids+cholesterol+
proteins+electrolytes

107
Q

acne

A

inflammation of a sebaceous gland, usually due to bacterial infection

108
Q

merocrine/eccrine sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

A

-2 to 5 million all over body
-produce sensible perspiration: 99% water
+ electrolytes + organic nutrients + antibodies + antimicrobial agents + organic wastes
-merocrine secretion
-small coiled tubular
glands
-located in superficial
dermis
-open directly on
surface of skin
-secrete in response
to high temp or
stress

109
Q

functions of sensible perspiration

A

-evaporative cooling of the surface of the skin to reduce body temp & excrete waste electrolytes and drugs
-protection: prevent adherence of microbes
(antibodies), physically wash off microbes & antimicrobial agents to kill microbes
dermicidin (antibiotic)

110
Q

apocrine sudoriferous/sweat glands

A

-merocrine secretion
-armpits, nipples, groin
-secrete into hair follicles
-secretion is sticky and cloudy: sensible perspiration +proteins+lipids
-microbes eat it -> wastes = body odor
-glands deep in dermis
-surrounded by myoepithelial cells: contract in response to the sympathetic nervous system stimulation
-active only after puberty

111
Q

mammary glands (special apocrine sweat glands)

A

-located in female breasts
-secrete milk during lactation

112
Q

ceruminous glands (special apocrine sweat glands)

A

-located in external ear canal
-secrete cerumen (earwax)

113
Q

integumentary gland control

A

-merocrine sudoriferous glands can be turned on and off in localized regions in response to temperature or emotions
-sebaceous and apocrine sudoriferous glands are either all on (body-wide) or all off, with no local control

114
Q

nails

A

-scale-like projections on the dorsal surface of distal digits
-functions: protect tips from mechanical stress, assist gripping
-consists of dead cells containing hard keratin
-new nail formed at nail root
-nail growth is continuous

115
Q

injury & repair

A

-integument can function independently of nervous and endocrine systems to maintain own homeostasis
-mesenchymal cells of dermis can regenerate connective tissue
-germinative cells (basal cells) of epidermis can regenerate epithelial tissue

116
Q

keloid

A

thick area of scar tissue covered by smooth epidermis

117
Q

integumentary injury repair step 1

A
  1. injury occurs -> damage & bleeding
    -mast cells trigger inflammatory response
118
Q

integumentary injury repair step 2

A

-blood clot forms & dries into a scab
-phagocytic cells remove debris
-stratum basale cells divide & migrate around wound
-fibroblasts & mesenchymal cells divide & migrate into dermal area of wound
-fibroblasts secrete collagen fill gap
-endothelial cells repair & grow new capillaries
-granulation tissue is formed= blood clot +fibroblasts secreting collagen+capillaries

119
Q

integumentary injury repair step 3

A

-new epidermal cells migrate over granulation tissue
-epidermis reforms under the scab

120
Q

integumentary injury repair step 4

A

-when epidermis is completely scabbed and shed
-fibroblast continue to secrete collagen forming a scar
-mesenchymal cells differentiate to replace C.T. cells
-hair follicles, glands, muscles & nerves not usually regenerated: replaced with collagen

121
Q

first degree burn

A

damage to the surface of
epidermis, heals on own

122
Q

second degree burn

A

damage to epidermis
and superficial dermis, heals on its own

123
Q

third degree burn

A

-damage to whole
cutaneous layer (epidermis, dermis, accessory structures), granulation tissue cannot form thus no healing
-requires skin grafts or “living bandages”

124
Q

burns > 20% over body

A

-can kill
-affects: fluid & electrolyte balance, thermoregulation & protection from pathogens

125
Q

age-related changes 1-4

A
  1. stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficult
  2. epidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced
    immune response
  3. vitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines -> brittle bones
  4. Glandular activity declines: skin dry, body can overheat
126
Q

age-related changes 5-8

A
  1. Blood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel cold
  2. Hair follicles die or produce thinner hair (terminal vellus)
  3. Dermis thins and becomes less elastic: wrinkles
  4. Sex characteristics fade: fat deposits spread out, hair patterns change

anatomy and physiology exam 2 (3 decks)

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