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anatomy and physiology exam 2 > chapter 4-tissues > Flashcards

chapter 4-tissues Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of cells

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2
Q

mesoderm

A

the primary germ layer that will give rise to all the muscle tissue and all the connective tissue of the body

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3
Q

what surface area expansion specialization would be expected on the apical surface of an epithelium involved in absorption, such as the simple columnar epithelium of the intestine?

A

mircovili

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4
Q

gap junction

A

the specific adhesion composed of connexons that allows for communication

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5
Q

the type of epithelial tissue that makes up the pancreas, the salivary glands & the thyroid, it’s single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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6
Q

transitional epithelium

A

type epithelium that is designed to stretch and changes shape when it does so

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7
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

consists of both short cells & tall cells with cilia on the apical surface, it lines the respiratory tract

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8
Q

apocrine secretion

A

type of exocrine secretion where the whole apical region of the cell is shed to release the secretion

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9
Q

serous glands

A

producing a secretion of watery enzymes

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10
Q

the matrix of connective tissue is composed of fibers and what else?

A

ground substance

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11
Q

mesenchyme

A

all connective tissue types are derived from the embryonic version of connective tissue

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12
Q

reticular fibers (collagen protein)

A

connective tissue fibers that are composed of collagen protein that is arranged in a branchy framework to support cells

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13
Q

fibroblasts

A

-the most common cell type in connective tissue
-they are responsible for producing the matrix

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14
Q

mast cells

A

connective tissue cells that release histamine & heparin to induce inflammation in response to injury

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15
Q

what is the type of connective tissue located just under the basal lamina beneath an epithelium?

A

areolar

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16
Q

what is the function of an adipocyte in an adult?

A

store triglycerides (fat)

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17
Q

what connective tissue consists of a mesh of collagen fibers running in many different directions?

A

dense irregular

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18
Q

when the matrix contains chondroitin sulfate, the connective tissue is a type of what?

A

cartilage

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19
Q

chondrocytes are located in spaces called what?

A

lacunae

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20
Q

what type of cartilage contains very fine fibers in a waxy or glassy matrix and makes up articular surfaces?

A

hyaline

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21
Q

bone matrix is specialized for strength with what salts?

A

calcium

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22
Q

connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is called the what?

A

lamina propia

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23
Q

what membranes are composed of areolar connective tissue only with no epithelium?

A

synovial

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24
Q

skeletal muscle appears striated due to the myofibril organization of the contractile proteins what? and myosin

A

actin

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25
Q

axon

A

part of a neuron that send messages to the next cell

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26
Q

A visible scar of collagen following an injury is called a what?

A

fibrosis

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27
Q

repeated damage or inflammation can lead to what, the initial change in the normal size, shape, or organization of cells?

A

dysplasia (reversible)

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28
Q

what are the two versions of general adhesion(“glue”)

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) & intercellular cement

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29
Q

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

-connect adjacent membranes or bind extracellular materials (basal lamina)
-“big glue”

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30
Q

intercellular cement

A

-thin layer of hyaluronan (proteoglycan: protein + carbohydrate) that attaches adjacent membranes
-“small glue”

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31
Q

specific adhension

A

-cell junction
-uses large molecules

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32
Q

what are the types of specific adhesion?

A

tight junctions, gap junctions & desmosomes

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33
Q

tight junctions

A

interlocking proteins, binds lipid portion of membrane, water tight seal

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34
Q

desmosomes

A

CAMs + intercellular cement on dense are attached to cytoskeleton, resist stretching and twisting

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35
Q

what are the three types of desmosomes?

A

belt desmosomes, button desmosomes & hemidesmosomes

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36
Q

belt desmosomes

A

continuous band in apical region attached to microfilaments

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37
Q

button desmosomes

A

“spot welds” attached to the intermediate filaments

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38
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half button desmosome at basal surface that attaches to basal lamina

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39
Q

inflammation events 1-2

A
  1. tissue damaged by an external factor, damaged cells release prostaglandins & undergo necrosis that triggers inflammatory response
  2. mast cells release histamine in response to changes in local environment and trigger vasodilation
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40
Q

vasodilation

A

smooth muscle cells in local blood vessels dilate resulting in an acceleration of blood flow to the area

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41
Q

inflammation events 3-4

A
  1. endothelial cells of blood cells of the blood vessels become leaky & plasma enters the wound delivering leukocytes & clotting proteins to the wound
  2. a clot forms around the injury isolating the site, phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils & macrophages) engulfed pathogens and cell debris
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42
Q

inflammation events 5-6

A
  1. fibroblasts migrate to the wound and are stimulated to secrete collagen to form a fiber scar to reinforce the clot and begin repair
  2. the damaged tissue is repaired/replaced depending on the injury & type of tissue
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43
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of collagen with original tissue type, the repair will not be visible

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44
Q

fibrosis

A

visible scar of collagen, tissue is completely replaced by a dense collagen patch, tissue type function is lost at the site of the scar

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45
Q

tissues

A

collection of specialized cells that perform specific function

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46
Q

histology

A

study of cells

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47
Q

4 major tissue types

A
  1. epithelium “covering”-surfaces, linings, glands
  2. connective “support”- fill up space, structure, strength, transport, storage
  3. muscle tissue “movement”
  4. nervous tissue “control”- transmit info
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48
Q

primary germ layers

A

embryonic layers, give rise to all four tissue types in adult

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49
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous, epithelial (dermis)

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50
Q

mesoderm

A

-muscle, connective, epithelial
-endothelium(blood vessels) + mesothelium(membranes) line cavities

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51
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial (mucosa)

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52
Q

epithelia

A

covering

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53
Q

glands

A

provide fluid secretions

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54
Q

cellularity (feature of epithelium)

A

little extracellular matrix, mostly cells

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55
Q

contacts (feature of epithelium)

A

cells linked by strong junctions

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56
Q

polarity (feature of epithelium)

A

apical + basal surfaces, separate functions

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57
Q

attachment (feature of epithelium)

A

attached to C.T. via basal lamina

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58
Q

avascularity (feature of epithelium)

A

diffusion from connective tissue

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59
Q

regeneration (feature of epithelium)

A

high turnover, stem cells at basal surface

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60
Q

functions of epithelium tissue

A
  1. provide physical protection: abrasion, dehydration, infection
  2. control permeability: semi-permeable, covers all surfaces
  3. provide sensation: sensory neurons
  4. produce specialized secretions: glandular, protection, hormones
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61
Q

apical surface (structure of epithelium)

A

exposed to the environment and may have microvilli (absorption or secretion) & cilia (fluid movement)

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62
Q

basolateral surface (structure of epithelium)

A

attachment to neighboring cells via intercellular connections

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63
Q

basal lamina (basement membrane)

A

-thin layers of a specialized extracellular matrix that form the supporting structure on which epithelial & endothelial cells grow
-contain lamina lucida & lamina dense

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64
Q

lamina lucida

A

from epithelia glycoproteins + fine filaments restrict large molecule movement

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65
Q

lamina densa

A

from connective tissue coarse protein fibers provide strength

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66
Q

what is the classification of epithelium based on?

A

-shape and layers
-all shapes are hexagonal

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67
Q

squamous shape of epithelium

A

flat, disc-shaped nucleus

68
Q

cuboidal shape of epithelium

A

cube, center round nuclues

69
Q

columnar shape of epithelium

A

tall, basal oval nucleus

70
Q

layers of epithelium tissue

A
  1. simple: one-cell layer
    -absorption, secretion, filtration
  2. stratified: 2 or more
    -protection
71
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

-thin, delicate
-in protected regions
-functions of absorption, diffusion, filtration & secretion
-locations: mesothelium (serosa), endothelium (blood vessels, heart), kidney tubules, conjunctiva, alveoli of lungs

72
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

-basal cells look cuboidal, apical cells squamous
-on exposed surfaces
-two types: kertainzed & nonkertainzed

73
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-mucous
-kept moist
-all cells nucleated
-locations: vagina, anus, mouth, esophagus

74
Q

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-epidermis
-dry, apical cells dead
-cells contain keratin protein to resist dehydration
-protects from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals

75
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-locations: kidney tubules, pancreas, salivary gland, thyroid
-functions: secretion or absorption

76
Q

stratifies cuboidal epithelium

A

-rare
-typically 2 layers
-locations: some sweat & mammary glands
-functions: secretion or absorption

77
Q

transitional epithelium

A

-relaxed: looks stratified cuboidal
-stretched: looks squamous
-locations: urinary bladder & uterus
-functions: tolerate excessive stretching

78
Q
A
79
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

-nuclei line up near basal lamina
-apical surface of cells often has microvilli
-goblet cells often present mucus
-locations: stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys
-functions: absorption or secretion

80
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

-several cell types, varying shapes & function
-all cells contact basal lamina
-some too short to reach apical surface
-nuclei scattered so it appears stratified
-tall cells have cilia on apical surface
-goblet cells (mucus) often present

81
Q

location & functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

-locations: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive tract, female uterine tubes
-functions: moving materials across surface

82
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

-rare
-2 layers or multiple layers with only apical layer columnar
-locations: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary & salivary glands, urethra
-function: minor protection

83
Q

glandular epithelium

A

for secretions and make up glands

84
Q

endocrine glands

A

-internally secreting” secrete into interstitial fluid -> blood, secretions = hormones, regulate/coordinate activities
-ex: pancreas, thyroid, thymus, pituitary

85
Q

exocrine glands

A

-“external secreting”
-secrete into duct -> epithelial surface
-ex: digestive enzymes, perspiration, tears, milk, mucus
-classified in three ways: mode of secretion, type of secretion & structure

86
Q

merocrine secretion (mode of exocrine glands)

A

-product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
-ex: mucus, sweat

87
Q

apricot secretion (mode of exocrine glands)

A

-product accumulates in vesicles
-apical region of the cell with vesicles is shed to release product
-ex: milk

88
Q

holocrine secretion (mode of exocrine glands)

A

-production accumulates in vesicles
-whole cell is lysed to release product
-cell dies, must be replaced by stem cells
-ex: sebum (skin cell)

89
Q

serous glands (type of secretions of exocrine glands)

A

-water + enzymes
-parotid salivary gland

90
Q

mixed exocrine glands (type)

A

-serous + mucus secretion
-submandibular salivary gland

91
Q

mucus glands (type of secretions of exocrine glands)

A

-mucin (+water = mucus)
-ex: goblet cells

92
Q

unicellular gland (structure of glands)

A

-1 cell
-goblet cells

93
Q

multicellular gland (structure of glands)

A

group of cells named for shape/structure

94
Q

connective tissue

A

-features: never exposed to environment, usually vascularized, consists of cell-matrix
-components: ground substance, specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers

95
Q

specialized cells (connective tissue)

A

produce matrix, provide protection

96
Q

extracellular protein fibers

A

support, strength

97
Q

ground substance

A

gel fluid consists of interstitial fluid, CAMs & GAGs (glycosaminoglycans proteoglycans that gel)

98
Q

matrix of connective tissue

A

fibers + ground substance

99
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  1. establish a structural framework
  2. transport fluid and dissolved materials
  3. protect organs
  4. support, surround, interconnect tissues
  5. store energy reserves
    6.insulate body
  6. defend against pathogens
100
Q

what is the classification of connective tissue based on?

A

on physical properties

101
Q

connective tissue proper

A

many cells/types/ fiber types in thick ground substance

102
Q

loose connective tissue

A

open fiber framework

103
Q

dense connective tissue

A

tightly packed fibers

104
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

-many cell types in a watery matrix with soluble fibers
-ex: blood

105
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

-limited cell population in tightly packed matrix
-cartilage, bone

106
Q

embryotic connective tissue

A

mesenchymal cells in a gelatinous matrix with fine fibers

107
Q

connective tissue proper (embryonic C.T.)

A

-viscous ground substance
-varied extracellular fibers
-varied cell population

108
Q

ground substance (embroynic C.T.)

A

-rich in GAGs
-viscous
-prevents microbe penetration

109
Q

collagen fibers (collagen fibers)

A

-rope-like, long, straight
-resist force
-most common

110
Q

stroma

A

framework of an organ

111
Q

parenchyma

A

functional cells of an organ

112
Q

elastic fibers (elastin protein)

A

-wavy, flexible
-designed to stretch
-cell types include chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bone)

113
Q

fibroblasts

A

-most common & abundant form of elastic fibers
-secrete ground substance: hyaluronan + proteins = GAGs
-secrete fiber proteins (collagen & elastin)

114
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

-stem cells
-differentiate to replace C.T. cells after injury (fibroblasts, adipocytes)

115
Q

adipocytes (fat cells)

A

-stores triglycerides
-organelles pushed to periphery
-number, size & location vary

116
Q

macrophages

A

-phagocytic for defense
-some fixed in tissues
-other migrate from blood to tissues after injury

117
Q

microphages

A

-neutrophils & eosinophils
-phagocytic
-migrate from blood to site of injury

118
Q

lymphocytes

A

-B & T
-involved in immune response
-make antibodies: attack foreign cells
-increase in # during infection
-constantly migrate between blood, tissues & lymphs

119
Q

loose connective tissue

A

-highly vascularized
-varied cell types
-functions: fill space, cushion/support tissues, store fat & feed epithelial layers

120
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

-most common
-least specialized
-open framework: matrix mostly ground substance
-all fiber types
-locations: deep to epithelium
-functions: reservoir for water & salts, absorbs shock & distortion, fills space, feeds epithelium

121
Q

adipose tissue

A

-90 % adipocytes
-locations: deep to skin & surrounding eyeballs, kidneys & heart
-functions: padding/insulation & energy storage
-two types: white & brown fat

122
Q

white fat

A

adults, triglyceride storage

123
Q

brown fat

A

infants, high mitochondria content for heat generation

124
Q

reticular tissue

A

-stroma of organs
-consists of reticular fibers
-location: some organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver)
-function: support parenchyma cells

125
Q

dense connective tissue

A

-poorly vascularized
-mostly fibers, little ground substance
-only fibroblasts

126
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

-bundles of parallel collagen fibers, aligned with the direction of force
-locations: tendons, ligaments & muscle coverings
-functions: high strength attachment & stabilize positions

127
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

-mesh of collagen fibers
-locations: capsules of organs & fascia, periosteum (sheath around bone), perichondrium (around cartilage) & dermis
-functions: resist tension from any direction & attachment

128
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

-mostly elastic fibers, some collagen
-locations: vertebral ligaments & artery walls
-function: strength with stretch & flex

129
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

-blood
-matrix= plasma: serum (fluid) + plasma proteins (produced by liver), fibers are soluble until clot forms
-cells= formed elements
-originate from a hemocytoblast (stem cell) in bone marrow
-location: blood vessels
-functions: transport nutrients, wastes & defense cells throughout body

130
Q

erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

carry oxygen

131
Q

leukocytes (WBCs)

A

-defense
-neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
-lymphocytes (B & T cells)
-monocytes (marophages)

132
Q

platelets

A

carry clotting fibers

133
Q

lymph

A

-matrix= lymph (recollected plasma fluid)
-cells= lymphocytes (immune defense)
-location: contained in lymphatic vessels
-function: purify & return fluid to blood

134
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

-strong framework, few cells, fibrous matrix
-function: support & shape
-matrix cells in lacunae

135
Q

cartilage

A

-matrix: 80% water, firm gel of GAGs made of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, + fibers
-cells: chondrocytes (in lacunae & formed in matrix)
-structure: no innervation, avascular(antiangiogenesis factor), surrounded by perichondrium

136
Q

perichondrium

A

-outer layer: dense irregular C.T. protection & attachment
-inner layer: cellular (fibroblasts) growth & repair

137
Q

interstitial growth(embryo) of cartilage

A

-chondroblasts in matrix divide
-daughters produce more matrix
-mature cells = chondrocytes

138
Q

appositional growth (children, minor repair in adults) of cartilage

A

new layers added by cells of inner perichondrium

139
Q

serious injury of cartilage

A

scar, carnage replaced by fibrous collagen

140
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

-matrix contains fine, closely packed collagen fibers
-tough & springy
-locations: ribs, nose, respiratory text & articular surfaces (no perichondrium)
-function: provide stiff flexible support & reduce friction between bones

141
Q

elastic cartilage

A

-matrix contains elastic fibers
-flexible
-locations: auricle if ear & epiglottis
-function: resilient, flexible, shape-holding, support

142
Q

fibrocartilage

A

-matrix contains dense interwoven collagen fibers with little ground substance
-tough/durable
-locations: knee (meniscus), pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs
-functions: resist compression & absorb shock

143
Q

bone/osseous tissue

A

-high vascularized
-little ground substance
-matrix= 2/3 calcium salts for strength (calcium phosphate + calcium carbonate), 1/3 collagen for flexibility to resist shatter
-cells= osteocytes
-location: bones
-functions: support & protection, levers for movement & storage of minerals

144
Q

osteocytes

A

-located in a lacunae
-connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through canaliculi
-canaliculi necessary for nutrient/waste exchange, no diffusion for calcium
-surrounded by periosteum: a. outer fibrous layer for attachment
b. inner cellular layer for growth & repair

145
Q

fascia (special connective tissue structure)

A

-connective tissue that provides a framework to connect organs of the body
-functions: provide strength & stability, maintain the position of the organs & anchor blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves
-three layers: superficial, deep & subserous

146
Q

superficial fascia

A

-located between cutaneous membrane & organs
-composed of areolar C.T. & adipose
-subcutaneous layer/hypodermis
-functions to provide insulation & padding

147
Q

deep fascia

A

-forms strong framework for dense C.T.
-creates capsules around organs, binds capsules, tendons, ligaments, to hold tissues together
-functions to resist force & anchor positions of organs

148
Q

subserous fascia

A

-between serous membrane & deep fascia
-composed of areolar C.T.
-functions to prevent distortion of organs by muscles

149
Q

membranes (special connective tissue structure)

A

typically epithelium + support C.T.

150
Q

serous membranes/serosa

A

-mesothelium + areolar connective tissue called lamina propria
-lines body cavities to reduce friction (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium)
-parietal layer lines cavity, visceral layer around organ
-epithelium kept moist by serous fluid/transudate

151
Q

mucous membranes/mucosa

A

-epithelium + areolar connective tissue
called lamina propria
-line passageways that connect to external
environment
-epithelium kept moist with mucus secretions

152
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

-epidermis + dermis = skin
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
-only dry membrane

153
Q

synovial membrane

A

-areolar connective tissue with woven collagen, proteoglycans & glycoproteins in matrix
-lines joint capsules
-produces synovial fluid to reduce friction of articular cartilage
-only membrane with no epithelium

154
Q

muscle tissue

A

-function: produce movement
-features: highly vascularized & contains actin and myosin for contraction
-types: skeletal, smooth & cardiac

155
Q

skeletal muscle (striated voluntary muscle)

A

-cells= fibers
-up to 1ft long
-multinuclear, no cell division
-appear striated: actin & myosin organization myofibrils
-some satellite cells (stem cells) for minor repair after injury
-location: skeletal muscle
-functions: move skeleton, guard entrances and exits & generate heat

156
Q

cardiac muscle (striated involuntary muscle)

A

-cells=cardiocytes
-long, branched
-no cell division
-striated
-neighboring cells connected by intercalated disc
-location: majority of heart
-function: move blood through body
-desmosomes & cement provide tight linkage of neighboring cells
-gap junction allow exchange of ions to coordinate contraction

157
Q

intercalated disc

A

desmosomes + intercellular cement + gap junction

158
Q

smooth muscle (nonstriated involuntary muscle)

A

-cells small, spindle-shaped
-unicellular
-capable of cell division
-no striation(no myofibril organization)
-locations: walls of blood vessels, walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts)
-functions: move materials through organ

159
Q

nervous tissue

A

-function to conduct nervous impulses to relay info.
-location: most in brain/spinal cord: CNS & 2% in PNS
-cells: neuroglia & neurons

160
Q

neuroglia cells

A

support, repair & supply nutrients to nervous tissue

161
Q

neurons

A

-transmit info.
-large soma (cell body)
-large nucleus, visible nuclei
-many dendrites: receive info.
-one axon: transmit info.
-no cell division

162
Q

inflammation

A

-prevent spread of injury/infections
-characterized by: swelling, redness, warmth & pain
-process to remove necrotic cells & infectious agents

163
Q

metaplasia

A

more serious changes, abnormal division of stem cells (reversible)

164
Q

anaplasia

A

breakdown of tissue organization, genetic abnormalities of stem cells (irreversible)

165
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled growth

anatomy and physiology exam 2 (3 decks)

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