Chapter 5- Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system functions

A
  1. regulate body temp
    2.stores blood
  2. protection from external environment
  3. detects sensations
  4. excretes/absorbs
  5. synthesize vitamin D
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2
Q

structure of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
SC layer

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

epithelial cells, thin, no blood vessels

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4
Q

Dermis

A

irregular connective tissue, thicker, has blood vessels, collagen and elastic fibers-stretch and recoil easy)

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5
Q

SC layer

A

anchor point and contains lamellated corpuscles-sensitive to pressure

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6
Q

Epidermis cells

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile epithelial
macrophages

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

product keratin, fibrous protein (wet suit), 90%, protection

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin (absorb UV, contribute to skin colour), 8%

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9
Q

tactile epithelial

A

connects to tactile discs (detect touch), least amount, aka Merkel cells

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10
Q

macrophages

A

Langerhans cells, immune response, from RBM, against microbes

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11
Q

Skin layers

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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12
Q

Stratum Basale

A

row of cuboidal keratinocytes/produce keratin/ protects from injury, attaches to hemidesmosome/melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells, stem cells

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

can still divide, produce more keratin, (desmosomes hold cells to one another), macrophages and melanocytes present, 8-10 layers

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14
Q

stratum germination

A

forming new cells or stem cells

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15
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells undergo apoptosis, too far from basale layer (no nutrition)

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16
Q

Keratohyalin

A

keratin filaments into keratin and inside cells are lamellar granules- release fat secretion into EFC

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17
Q

stratum lucidum

A

found only in thick skin, clear/dead keratocytes cells

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18
Q

stratum corneum

A

flatten, dead keratocytes cells (no cell parts),

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19
Q

Callus

A

thickening of SC layers

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20
Q

Dermis regions

A

Papillary region
Reticular region

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21
Q

papillary region

A

closest to epidermis (collagen and elastic fibers)

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22
Q

what does the papillary region consists of?

A

dermal papillary
capillary loops
corpuscles of touch
free nerve ending dendrites

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23
Q

dermal papillary

A

small, nipple shaped, projects upwards, increases surface area

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24
Q

capillary loops

A

found in dermal papillary, vascular

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25
Q

corpuscles of touch

A

nerve ending, sensitive to touch

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26
Q

free nerve ending dendrites

A

warmth, itching, tickling, no structure

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27
Q

reticular region

A

extensibility (stretch), elasticity (original shape), attached to SC, fibroblasts & wandering cells, thick collagen fibers

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28
Q

what does the reticular region of the dermis consist of?

A

blood vessels, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, occupy spaces between fibers

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29
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward projection of the epidermis between dermal papillary and papillary region-fingerprints/footprints, unique to each person, increases surface area

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30
Q

keratinization

A

cells move through epidermal layers, accumulate more and more keratin, then apoptosis

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31
Q

pigments of skin colour

A

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

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32
Q

melanin

A

product of melanocytes (everyone has same number), colour is how much is produced and transferred to keratinocytes

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33
Q

functions of melanin

A

absorb UV rays
prevent DNA damage to neighboring cells (like tiny umbrella)

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34
Q

functions of hair

A

protects head from sun
decrease heat loss from head
protection from foreign particles
sensing light touch

35
Q

shaft of hair

A

projects above skin

36
Q

root of hair

A

deep in the dermis, deep to hair shaft

37
Q

hair-medulla

A

innermost, where pigment granules are

38
Q

hair-cortex

A

middle layer

39
Q

hair-cuticle

A

outer most layer; keratinized cells

40
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds root, , epithelial root sheath and derma root sheath surrounds hair

41
Q

hair- bulb

A

base of hair follicle

42
Q

papilla of hair

A

part of bulb, vascular

43
Q

hair matrix

A

germinal layer of cell in bulb, hair growth

44
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle, autonomic nerves cause contraction = goose bumps

45
Q

hair root plexus

A

branches of nerves (dendrites), generate impulse when shaft is move-feel touch

46
Q

sebaceous oil glands

A

simple branched acinar, connected to hair follicles/some locations open to surface (lips, penis, labia, eyes), secrete sebum

47
Q

sebum

A

mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts

48
Q

sebum functions

A

coats hairs (prevents drying), regulates evaporation, keeps skin soft, bactericidal

49
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands through hair follicles or pores on surface of skin

50
Q

types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine
apocrine

51
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

simple, coiled, tubular glands (more common), located in the deep dermis, mostly water, urea, ammonia, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid

52
Q

functions of eccrine glands

A

body temperature regulation (thermoregulation)-thermoregulatory sweating

53
Q

insensible perspiration

A

evaporates before it is perceived

54
Q

sensible perspiration

A

sees and feel nmoisture on skin

55
Q

emotional sweating

A

fear or embarassment

56
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular glands, have larger ducts, in armpit, groin, areolae, secretes via exocytosis and opens onto hair follicle, dont function until puberty, appears milky, (bacteria metabolize sweat-musky odor), emotional sweat/sexual activites

57
Q

ceruminous glands

A

produce cerumen, secrete on surface or into sebaceous glands, waterproof ear canal/protection, deep to sebaceous glands

58
Q

cerumen

A

earwax

59
Q

nails

A

tightly packed keratinized cells

60
Q

parts of the nail

A

nail body, free edge, nail root, lunula, eponychium, hyponychium, nail ned, nail matrix

61
Q

nail body

A

plate, visible portion of nail

62
Q

free edge

A

nail body that extends pass digit

63
Q

nail root

A

nail buried under skin

64
Q

lunula

A

proximal crescent shaped end

65
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle, epidermis that adheres to nail wall

66
Q

hyponychium

A

secures nail to fingertip (distal end)

67
Q

nail bed

A

below nail plate, no stratum granulosum

68
Q

nail matrix

A

proximal to nail root, contains dividing cells

69
Q

functions of nails

A

protect digits, support and counterpressure, grasp objects

70
Q

Thick skin locations

A

palms, digits, soles

71
Q

thickness of thick skin

A

0.6-4.5mm

72
Q

layers of thick skin

A

5 layers- lkucidum present, thicker strata spinosum and corneum
C, L, G, S,B (greatest friction occurs)

73
Q

what does and doesn’t thick skin have?

A

ridges are present, no hair, no oil glands, many sweat glands, denser sensory receptors

74
Q

location of thin skin

A

all other parts that don’t have thick skin

75
Q

thickness of thin skin

A

0.1mm-0.15mm-epidermal thickness

76
Q

layers of thin skin

A

4 layers- strtum lucidum lacking, thinner strata spinosum and corneum

77
Q

what does and doesn’t thin skin have?

A

no ridges-due to less developed and fewer dermal papillae), has hair, has oil glands, few sweat glands, sparse sensory receptors

78
Q

how does the integumentary system help with thermoregulation?

A

hot- sweating, dilating blood vessels near surface–>more blood flow
cold-sweat decreases, blood vessels constrict, less blood flow- conserve heat. skeleton muscles contract to produce heat (shivering)

79
Q

why is the skin a blood reservoir?

A

8-10% bv of dermis

80
Q

how does the integumentary system help with protection of the body?

A

lipids retard water, regulates evaporation, keeps skin/hairs from drying out, recognize and kill bacteria

81
Q

cutaneous sensation

A

tickle, vibration, pressure, temp, pain

82
Q

excretion and absorption

A

excretes sweat and absorbs topical medications etc.

83
Q

how does the skin synthesize vitamin D?

A

precursor molecules activated by UV rays–>enzyme in liver and kidneys use UV to make Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)