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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 5 (integumentary System) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (integumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the skin functions

A
  1. Protects tissue and organs from shock
  2. Excretes salt, water, and waste
  3. Maintains body temperature
  4. Makes vitamin D3 (steroid)
  5. Stores nutrients
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2
Q

What is vitamin D3 (a steroid) converted into?

A

Calcitriol

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3
Q

Storage of nutrients is stored where?

A

Lipids stored in adipocytes in dermis and subcutaneous layer.

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4
Q

Two major parts of the integumentary system are?

A

Cutaneous membrane: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (not apart of the cutaneous membrane)
Accessories: hair, nails, and 4 types of exocrine glands

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5
Q

Define epidermis

A

(Epi means above) epithelia does not have blood vessels; and consists of stratified squamous

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6
Q

Define dermis

A

Underlying area of connective tissue; has a lot of blood vessels; consists of dense irregular. (Below epidermis)

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7
Q

Define hypodermis

A

Also called the subcutaneous layer (not part of the cutaneous membrane (below dermis)

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8
Q

What are accessories in the skin?

A

Hair, nails, and 4 types of exocrine glands

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9
Q

Name the skin layers

A

Epidermis
Dermis { papillary layer
{reticular layer
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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10
Q

Define Keratinocytes

A

Body’s most abundant epithelial cells

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11
Q

2 types of skin layering

A
  1. Thick skin
  2. Thin skin
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12
Q

Define thick skin and it’s layers

A

Has 5 layers on palms of hands and soles of feet
1. Stratum Germinativum (deepest)
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum

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13
Q

Define thin skin and it’s layers

A

Four layers cover the rest of the body
1. Stratum Germinativum (deepest)
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Corneum

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14
Q

Germy, Spiny, Grandma, Likes, Corn

A

Germinativum
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum (not in layering if thin skin)
Corneum

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15
Q

Define Stratum

A

One layer

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16
Q

Define Strata

A

Two + layers

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17
Q

Define Stratum Germinativum

A

Also called stratum basal, deepest layer and is attached to basal lamina
- about 1 cell layer thick
- basal lamina separates epithelia from connective tissue
- has epidermal ridges (which extends into dermis) increasing attachment strength
- Germinativum cells are also called basal cells and are stem cells (which can Shang into other types of skin cells)

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18
Q

Define melanocytes

A

Produces brown pigment
- found in Germinativum

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19
Q

Define Spinosum

A

Each time one stem cell divided into two daughter cells, the daughter cell is pushed from stratum Germinativum to stratum Spinosum (also called mitosis)
- has 8-10 layers of cells
- langerHans cells (involved in immune response) are found in this layer and they; 1. Defend against microorganisms that penetrate skin
2. Attach superficial skin cancers

20
Q

Define Granulosum

A

Also called grainy layer
Strata has 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
- when cells reach this layer they have quit dividing and start to make proteins keratin. Proteins found in hair and nails.

21
Q

Define Stratum Lucidum

A

Also called clear layer
Found only in thick skin of palms of hands and soles of feet
-cells are flattened, densely packed and filled with keratin

22
Q

Define stratum Corneum

A

Constitutes the exposed areas of both thick and thin skin (most superficial layer)
- 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
- Keratinization or cornification is the formation of the protective layer of cells with keratin
- takes 15 to 30 days for cells to move from stratum Germinativum to stratum Corneum
- dead cells remain on top of stratum
- Corneum for two more weeks until pushed to skin surface and lost

23
Q

Define Carotene

A

Is orange/yellow pigment in epidermis
- comes from carrots and squash and is converted to vitamin A (important to eyes and epithelia)

24
Q

Define melanin

A

Is brown, yellow brown, or black pigment and is produced by melanocytes in epidermis.
- located in stratum Germinativum
- melatonin is made from AA tyrosine
- protects against UV radiation (UV damages DNA causing skin cancers)
- melanin concentrates increase in response to sunlight

25
Q

Define hemoglobin (dermal circulation & color)

A

Transports oxygen
- looks red when attached to O2
- when hemoglobin is attached to CO2 vessels look blue
- when blood supply in dermis is reduced the skin becomes pale (anemia)

26
Q

Jaundice

(dermal circulation & color)

A

Liver is unable to excrete bile so yellow pigment accumulates in body causing skin and eyes to turn yellow
- occurs in newborns and can be cured by UV lamp

27
Q

Basal cell carcinoma
(Skin cancer)

A

Malignant cancer found in stratum Germinativum
- most common form of cancer due to UV radiation

28
Q

Define dermis

A

Papillary layer (superficial layer): consists of areolar tissue and contains capillaries and sensory neurons

Reticular layer (deepest layer):
Consists of dense irregular tissue
-Accessory organs (hair, sweat glands) extends into dermis
- dermis also has blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers.
- dermatitis is inflammation of the skin primarily in the papillary layer due to chemicals or radiation.

29
Q

Dermal circulation and nerve supply

A
  • if blood supply gets interrupted to the epidermis of dermis you can get an ulcer (shredding of epithelium
  • bed sores or “decubitis ulcers” affects bed ridden people by killing epidermal cells and then removes the barrier to infection by bacteria
  • Nerve cells (merkel cells) are located here so bed sores affect these cells, sending intense pain stimuli to CNS
30
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Is not apart of the integumentary system
- contains areolar and adipose tissue
- has substantial number of blood vessels therefore good place for injections with hypodermic needles.
- this is the location where liposuction to remove adipocytes (fat)

31
Q

Accessory organs: Hair in detail

A
  • Hair Shaft is a protein (no dna) and are made by “hair follicles”
  • Hair Root: anchors hair to skin
  • Hair Shaft: part of hair we see on surface
  • Cuticle: outer surface of the shaft and covers the “cortex”
  • Hair Papilla: a piece of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves
  • Hair color comes from pigments “melanin”, with age pigment production decreases causing hair to become gray.
32
Q

Hair types

A

Embryo:
Lanugos- Hairs formed after 3 months on embryo then are shed before birth

Adult:
1. Vellum hairs- “peach fuzz” covers body surface
2. Terminal hairs- on head, eyebrows, and eyelashes

33
Q

Hair functions

A

Root Hair Plexus- nerves surrounds the base so you can feel wind blow.

Arrector Pili- muscle that causes hair to stand up due to fear, rage, cold, and emotional states.

34
Q

Two types of exocrine glands (secretes into ducts)

A

Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

35
Q

Define Sebaceous gland

A
  • produces oily lipid that’s coats hair (also called holocrine or oil glands)
  • liquid released through rupture of the secretory cells and inhibits bacteria
    1. Sebaceous glands- release onto hairs
    2. Sebaceous follicles- release into the skin
36
Q

Define Sweat glands

A

Also called sudoriferous glands

Two subtypes:
-Apocrine arm outs and groin secrete their products onto the hair follicles
- bacteria use the sweat as a nutrient source which in turn produces an odor

-Merocrine glands are more numerous than aprocrine glands, secretes their products onto the surface of the skin. Found all over the body and in the palms of the hand and soles of feet

37
Q

Sweat produced by merocrine glands produce sensible perspiration

A

A. Cools the body, causes body temp to decrease
B. Excretes salt and drugs
C. Protects against bacteria

38
Q

Define mammary glands

A

Produce milk

39
Q

Define Ceruminous glands

A

Modified sweat glands in ears, secretions combines with secretions from sebaceous glands nearby to form wax (cerumen)

40
Q

Accessory organs: Nails in detail

A
  • Nail body: covers area known as “Nail bed”
  • Nail folds: on each side of the nail
  • Nail root: where growth starts
41
Q

Define eponychium

A

Portion of the stratum Corneum extends over the nail at nail root (also Calle d the cuticle)
- accessory organ

42
Q

Blood vessels in nail

A

May be obscured near cuticle and make lunula “moon”

43
Q

Steps to repair injured skin

A
  1. Injury to skin that causes bleeding, blood clots to stop bleeding, mast cells detect injury and trigger an immune response
  2. Scab is formed over injury, cells call stratum Germinativum move into the area, blood flow to the region increases bring more phagocytic cells
  3. Scab us undermined by epidermal cells to start repair; fibroblast produce mesh work of fibers Over the top of the injury creating scar tissue
  4. Scab disappears, fibroblasts continue to create scar tissue that will raise the over lapping epidermis higher than original skin
44
Q

Define granulation tissue

A

Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, capillary network

45
Q

Define Keloid

A

Thickened area of scar tissue which has a shiny surface

46
Q

Aging causes

A

-epidermis thins
- number of langerHans cells to decrease
- D3 production drops
- Number of melanocytes decreases
- gland activity reduces
- blood supply to skin decreases
- college decreases making skin thinner and weaker
- Elastin decreases making skin less tight more wrinkled
- moisture decreases making skin drier

47
Q

Define Psoriasis

A

Rapid cell division of stem cells in stratum Germinativum
- cells are caused to divide daily when normally they divide every 20 days
- can be aggravated by stress
- no known cure

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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