Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy - BIOL2244 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skin that covers your body, also known as the cutaneous membrane, called?

A

Integument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Hair, skin, and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two layers of the integument?

A

The epidermis and dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What layer of the integument is the superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the deeper layer of aerolar and dense irregular connective tissues?

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What layer is not part of the skin, lies under the dermis, and is composed of aerolar and adipose tissue?

A

Subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the integument?

A

Protection, prevention of water loss and gain, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the integument protect from?

A

Trauma, toxic substances, and solar radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is skin completely waterproof?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is it called when there is a release of water vapor from sweat glands when not visibly sweating?

A

Insensible perspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is visible sweating referred to as?

A

Sensible perspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dilation of dermal vessels does what?

A

Releases heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Constriction of dermal vessels does what?

A

Conserves heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What vitamin is produced by skin cells and converted to calcitrol by the kidneys?

A

Vitamin D3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the hormone involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

Caclitrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cells called that help initiate immune responses?

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cells stimulate sensory nerve endings in response to touch?

A

Tactile cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sweating, or lubrication of hair and skin with sebum is also called what?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the epithelium of the skin called?

A

The epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the epidermis avascular?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What layer of the epidermis is the most deep?

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What layer of the epidermis is the most superficial?

A

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the second most deep layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the middle layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the second most superficial layer in the epidermis?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What layer no longer has nuclei and is often lacked by those with thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described as a single layer of cells and is cuboidal to low columnar in appearance?

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What layer of the epidermis are the cells attached to basement membrane and adjacent to dermis?

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the cells called in the epidermis that are most abundant and produce tough keratin protein?

A

Keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the cells called in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage?

A

Melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What cells in the epidermis are sensitive to touch?

A

Tactile cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What layer of the epidermis has several layers of polygonal keratinocytes?

A

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What makes up stratum spinosum?

A

Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into non-dividing, specialized keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Are some epidermal dendritic cells present in stratum spinosum?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What layer of the epidermis is composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization?

A

Stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains two types of keratin granules in cells?

A

Stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are keratonylin granules involved in the keratinization process?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the granules that release contents into extracellular space?

A

Lamellar granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What layer of the epidermis is referred to as the thin, translucent region?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What layer of the epidermis is two to three cell layers thick?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What layer of the epidermis is the most superficial and varies 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called corneocytes?

A

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains cells that are anucleate and tightly packed?

A

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Do cells from stratum basale take about two weeks to migrate to stratum corneum?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many layers does thick skin contain in the epidermis?

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

In palms of hand and soles of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Does thick skin have hair follicles or sebaceous glands?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How thick is the epidermis (in thick skin)?

A

0.4-0.6 mm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many layers does thin skin contain in the epidermis?

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Does thin skin cover most of body?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How thick is the epidermis (thin skin)?

A

0.075-0.150 mm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

By what is skin color determined?

A

By three pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What skin pigment is a blood pigment and red in color?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What skin pigment is produced by melanocytes and increased with exposure to UV radiation?

A

Melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What skin pigment is yellow-orange and builds up in the skin from foods such as carrots?

A

Carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the skin color conditon in which hair is white, skin is pale, and irises of the eye are pink?

A

Albinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the skin color condition in which skin appears golden brown, copper, or bronze in color?

A

Bronzing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the skin color condition in which skin appears bluish as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood?

A

Cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the skin color condition in which skin appears abnormally red?

A

Erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the skin color condition in which a bruise (visible pool of clotted blood) is observable through the skin?

A

Hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the skin color condition in which skin appears ashen or pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis?

A

Pallor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is also referred to as a mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes?

A

Nevus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the yellow or brown spots of high melanocyte activity called?

A

Freckles

64
Q

What do you call the perforation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor?

A

Hemangioma

65
Q

What type of hemangiomas are bright red to deep purple and usually appear in childhood?

A

Capillary hemangiomas

66
Q

What type of hemangiomas involve larger dermal vessels and may last a lifetime?

A

Canaverous hemangiomas

67
Q

What are the folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes called?

A

Friction ridges

68
Q

What layer of the integument lies deep in the epidermis?

A

Dermis

69
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis called?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

70
Q

What layer of the dermis is superficial and adjacent to epidermis?

A

Papillary layer

71
Q

What layer of the dermis is the deeper and thicker layer?

A

Reticular layer

72
Q

What layer of the dermis is composed of aerolar connective tissue?

A

Papillary layer

73
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Projections of the dermis toward the epidermis that contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis and also contain sensory receptors

74
Q

What layer of the dermis is comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Reticular layer

75
Q

What layer of the dermis includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves?

A

Reticular layer

76
Q

What are lines of cleavage for?

A

To identify the orientation of fiber bundles; important clinically, as incisions across these lines heal more slowly that incisions along these lines

77
Q

How do stretch marks form?

A

Skin is overstretched and collagen fibers tear to form stride

78
Q

What is innervation?

A

Nerve fibers are extensively dispersed in dermis

79
Q

What type of blood vessels help control body temperature and blood pressure?

A

Dermal blood vessels

80
Q

What is the narrowing diameter of blood vessels called?

A

Vasoconstriction

81
Q

What is the widening diameter of blood vessels called?

A

Vasodilation

82
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Reduced blood flow to skin and helps consume heat

83
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A

Increases blood flow to skin and helps release heat

84
Q

What layer is deep to the integument (not part of it)?

A

Subcutaneous layer

85
Q

What layer is composed of aerolar and adipose connective tissue?

A

Subcutaneous layer

86
Q

What layer stores calories?

A

Subcutaneous layer

87
Q

In areas where the layer is predominantly adipose, is it then called subcutaneous fat?

A

Yes

88
Q

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

To protect underlying structures, store energy, and thermal insulation

89
Q

What does the pilus consist of?

A

Keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis

90
Q

What are the zones that make up a hair?

A

Hair bulb, hair root, and hair shaft

91
Q

What is the deep swelling of cells where hair originates?

A

Hair bulb

92
Q

What is the portion of the hair that is deep to the skin surface?

A

Hair root

93
Q

What is the portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface?

A

The hair shaft

94
Q

Where does hair production occur?

A

The hair matrix

95
Q

What are the different layers of hair?

A

Medulla, cortex, and cuticle

96
Q

What layer of hair is the core of loose cells and air spaces?

A

Medulla

97
Q

What layer of hair is made of several layers of hardened, flattened cells?

A

Cortex

98
Q

What layer of hair is known as the outer coating?

A

The cuticle

99
Q

Does the hair wall have a connective tissue root sheath and epithelial tissue root sheath?

A

Yes

100
Q

Where do arrector pili muscles attach?

A

Hair shaft

101
Q

What do arrector pili muscles do?

A

Respond to emotions and cold temps by contracting, standing the hair up, and producing goose bumps

102
Q

What are the three hair types?

A

Lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair

103
Q

What hair type is found on fetus?

A

Lanugo

104
Q

What hair type is fine and nonpigmented, located on most of body?

A

Vellus

105
Q

What hair type is coarse and pigmented (the hair on our head)?

A

Terminal hair

106
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Protection, heat retention, sensory reception, and visual identification

107
Q

How is hair color developed?

A

From melanin produced in matrix adjacent to papillae

108
Q

Are variations of hair color genetically determined and influenced by environment and hormonal factors?

A

Yes

109
Q

Does pigment production increase or decrease with age?

A

Decrease

110
Q

What causes gray hair?

A

Gradual melanin decrease

111
Q

What causes white hair?

A

Complete stoppage of melanin production

112
Q

What are the three stages of the hair growth cycle?

A

Anagen phase, catagen phase, and telogen phase

113
Q

What phase of the hair growth cycle includes active growth at hair bulb?

A

Anagen phase

114
Q

What phase of hair growth cycle includes a brief regression period?

A

Catagen phase

115
Q

What phase of hair growth cycle serves as a resting place (usually where hair sheds)?

A

Telogen phase

116
Q

What is the medical term for hair thinning?

A

Alopecia

117
Q

What is male pattern baldness caused by?

A

Genetic and hormonal factors

118
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

Excessive hairiness

119
Q

What is hirsutism caused by?

A

Excess androgens

120
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands?

A

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands

121
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Merocrine and apocrine glands

122
Q

What do sweat glands produce?

A

Sweat, a watery solution

123
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A

Oily secretions

124
Q

What are sweat glands also referred as?

A

Sudoriferous glands

125
Q

What glands have coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer of dermis or in subcutaneous layer?

A

Sweat glands

126
Q

What glands transport secretions to skin surface for merocrine glands?

A

Sweat glands

127
Q

What gland transports secretions to a hair follicle for apocrine glands?

A

Sweat glands

128
Q

What is the opening of a duct on skin surface called?

A

A sweat pore

129
Q

What are the cells called that respond to sympathetic stimulation and contract to squeeze the gland so secretions are released?

A

Myoepithelial cells

130
Q

What are simple, coiled, tubular glands that release secretions into a duct which terminates as a pore on skin surface?

A

Merocrine glands

131
Q

Is merocrine gland secretion 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system?

A

Yes

132
Q

What are the functions of sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation, secretion of various substances, and protection from microbes

133
Q

What are the glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (aerola), groin (p

A
134
Q

What are the glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (aerola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

135
Q

How is secretion from apocrine sweat glands described?

A

Thick, cloudy, and composed of proteins and lipids

136
Q

What causes distinct odor from apocrine sweat glands in the various regions?

A

Bacterial growth

137
Q

What are holocrine glands that secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface?

A

Sebaceous glands

138
Q

What is the purpose of lubrication?

A

To prevent drying of hair and skin

139
Q

What glands are relatively inactive during childhood?

A

Sebaceous glands

140
Q

What glands cause sex hormones at puberty to cause secretions to increase significantly?

A

Sebaceous glands

141
Q

What glands are apocrine glands located in external mucous meatus?

A

Ceruminous glands

142
Q

How is cerumen produced?

A

Sebum is mixed with keratinocytes

143
Q

What does cerumen do?

A

Helps trap particles and small insects, provided lubrication to eardrum, and contains antimicrobial lysozome

144
Q

Where are mammary glands found?

A

Breasts

145
Q

Are mammary glands modified apocrine glands?

A

Yes

146
Q

What glands are functional in pregnant females in response to hormone signals, resulting in production of breast milk?

A

Mammary glands

147
Q

What are some signs of aging of the integument?

A

Skin takes longer to repair, collagen content decreases, immune responsiveness diminishes, skin becomes drier, and UV radiation damages skin cell DNA

148
Q

What is the most common form of cancer?

A

Skin cancer

149
Q

What is a predominant skin cancer risk factor?

A

Chronic sun exposure

150
Q

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

151
Q

What type of skin cancer is the most common and least dangerous?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

152
Q

What type of skin cancer may metastasize?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

153
Q

What type of skin cancer is most deadly?

A

Malignant melanoma

154
Q

What type of skin cancer starts in stratum basale?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

155
Q

What type of skin cancer starts in stratum spinosum?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

156
Q

What type of skin cancer starts from melanocytes (usually in a mole)?

A

Malignant melanoma

Human Anatomy - BIOL2244 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions