Chapter 5 Human Movement Science Flashcards
1
Q
Biomechanics
A
-the study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement and to better predict performance in athletic events. -The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
2
Q
Superior
A
Positioned above a point of reference.
3
Q
Inferior
A
Positioned below a point of reference.
4
Q
Proximal
A
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
5
Q
Distal
A
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
6
Q
Anterior (or Ventral)
A
On the front of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
7
Q
Posterior (or Dorsal)
A
On the back of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
8
Q
Medial
A
Positioned near the middle of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
9
Q
Lateral
A
Positioned toward the outside of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
10
Q
Contralateral
A
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
11
Q
Joint motion has an axis that occurs on what plane of motion?
A
Movement in a plane from joints occur from an axis running perpendicular to the plane.
12
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Positioned on the same side of the body.
13
Q
What are the three imaginary planes the body is divided into?
A
- Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 3. Transverse Plane
14
Q
Anatomic Position
A
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posteriod, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
15
Q
The Sagittal Plane divides the body into what halfs?
What plane does its axis occur on?
What sort of exercises occur on this plane?
A
- An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
- Sagittal plane movement occurs around Coronal Axis.
- Examples of predominately Sagittal Plane Movements: *bicep curls, triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs, shooting a basketball.
16
Q
What is flexion?
During Flexion, what happens to the relative angle between the two segments?
A
A bending movement
During flexion the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
17
Q
What is Extension?
What happens to the relative angle between the two adjacent segments?
A
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
18
Q
Hyperextension
A
Extension of a joint beyond normal limit or range of motion.
19
Q
The Frontal Plane divides the body into what halfs?
What plane does its axis occur on?
What sort of exercises occur on it?
A
- An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
- Occurs around an anterior-posterior axis
- Examples: side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffling
20
Q
Abduction
A
-A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position). -An increase in the angle between two adjoining segments, but the frontal plane -Example: side bend (lateral flexion of spine) away from midline
21
Q
Adduction
A
-Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position). -A decrease in the angle between two adjoining segments, but in the frontal plane. -Example: Shoulder adduction (moves hand from above head back down to side next to hip)
22
Q
Transverse Plane divides the body into what halfs?
What plane does its axis occur on?
What sort of exercises occur on this plane?
A
- An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
- Occurs around a longitudinal or vertical axis
- Examples: cable trunk rotations, dumbbell chest fly, throwing a ball, throwing a frisbee, and swinging a bat.
23
Q
Internal Rotation
A
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
24
Q
External Rotation
A
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
25
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
26
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
27
What are the primary Scapular movements?
Retraction (adduction)/Protraction (abduction)
Elevation/Depression
28
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline (closer together).
29
Scapular Protraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline (away from each other).
30
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula (shoulder blades move downwards).
31
Scapular Elevation
Upward (and superior) motion of the scapula (shoulder blades move upwards towards the ears).
32
What are the three primary muscle actions?
1. Isotonic (eccentric and concentric) 2. Isometric 3. Isokinetic
33
Isotonic Muscle Action/Contraction
-Constant muscle tension -Force is produced, muscle tension develops, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. -Two types: Eccentric and Concentric
34
Eccentric Muscle Action
What happens to the length of the muscle?
How is the contractile force related to the resistive force in intensity and direction?
What is it synnonymous with?
What name is it known as?
Give an example in relation to a squat.
- Occurs when a muscle develops tension while **lengthening**.
- **Contractile** force is **less than** the **resistive** force
- Moves in the **same direction as** the **resistance**
- Synonymous with **deceleration or reducing force** (like bench press, the weight of the bar must be decelerated and then stabilized to be properly accelerated.
- Examples: landing from a jump, lowering weight during resistance exercise, **lowering phase of a squat**, all forms of resistance training (walking on treadmill, bench pressing)
- Known as "**a negative**" - work is actually being done one the muscle because forces move the muscle, rather than the muscle doing the work (or the muscle moving the forces)
- It "returns to resting length" not actually increasing length as though being stretched.
35
Concentric Muscle Action
How is the contractile force related to the resistive force in intensity and direction?
What happens to the length of the muscle?
What is it synonymous with?
Give an example in relation to squats.
- When a muscle is **exerting** **force greater than** the **resistive** force,
- Moves in the **opposite direction of resistive force**
- Resulting in **shortening** of the muscle and visible joint movement.
- Synonymous with **acceleration**
- Examples: jumping upward, and during the **lifting phase** of a **squat**.
36
Isometric Muscle Action
-When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length. -Example: when an individual pauses during a resistance training exercise in between the lifting and lowering phases.
37
Isokinetic Muscle Action
- When a muscle **shortens at a constant speed** over the full range of motion. **Resistance varies**.
- The tension in the muscle is at its maximum throughout the whole range of motion.
- Believed to improve strength, endurance, and neuromuscular efficiency.
- requires use of expensive, sophisticated equipment that measures the a out of force generated by the muscles and adjusts the resistance (load) so that no matter how much the muscle tension is produced, movement remains constant (that harder you push, the more resistance/heavier you/it feel/s)
38
Force
-An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object. -Characterized by magnitude (how much) and direction (which way they are moving)
39
Length-Tension Relationship
What is optimal
and three examples of less optimal?
-The **resting length** of a muscle and the tension of the muscle can produce at this resting length.
\*There is an **optimal muscle length** when actin and myosin filaments have the greatest degree of overlap = **potential for maximal force** production of that muscle.
\*_Lengthening too much_ during contraction _reduces overlap_ thus reduces force production.
\*_Shortening_ the muscle too much creates maximal overlap and _allows no further movement_ to occur between filaments, reducing force output.
\***If muscle lengths are altered (ex. Misaligned joints = bad posture)**, then they will **not** generate the needed force to allow for **efficient movement**.
40
Force-Velocity Curve
-The relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.
\***Velocity of concentric** muscle **increases**, ability to produce **force decreases** (results thought to be bc **overlapping filament** may interfere with its ability to form cross bridges with myosin)
\***Velocity of eccentric muscle** action **increases**, the ability to develop **force increases** (results thought to be bc **elastic** component of the **connective tissue** surrounding and within the muscle).
41
Force-Couple
Under what circumstances can proper force-couple relationships occur?
- Synergistic action of muscles (**muscle groups moving together) to produce movement around a joint**.
- Provide divergent pulls on the bones or bones the connect with \*Due to the different attachment sites that each muscle has, creates pulls at a different angles, and creates a different force on the joint.
- Motion dependent on structure of joint and the collective pull of each muscle involved.
- **Proper** force-couple relationships can **only occur if** the muscles are at the **right length-tension relationships** and the joints have **proper arthrokinematics** (joint motion), two allowing proper sensorimotor integration and ultimately proper and efficient movement.
42
Give examples of Force-Couples for:
Trunk rotation
Upward rotation of scapula
Hip and knee extension during stair climbing
Plantar flexion
Shoulder Abduction
1. Muscles: Internal and External **Obliques**; *Movement: **Trunk Rotation***
2. Muscles: Upper **trapezius** and the lower portion of the **serratus** anterior; *Movement: **upward** rotation of **scapula***
3. Muscles: **Gluteus Maximus, quadriceps**, and **calf** muscles; *Movement: produce **hip and knee extension** during walking, running, stair climbing, etc.*
4. Muscles: **Gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior** *Movement: Performing **plantarflexion** at the foot and ankle complex*
5. Muscles: **Deltoid and Rotator Cuff** *Movement: performing **shoulder abduction***
43
Describe the basic principle of levers in regard to muscle motion in the Human Movement System (HMS).
- A lever consists of a **rigid "bar"** that **pivots around** a stationary **fulcrum** (pivot point).
- In the HMS:
\*Joint axis = fulcrum
\*Bones = levers
\*Muscles = effort (create motion) (muscles pull on bones; they cannot actively push)
\*Resistance = weight of the body part, or the weight of an object (barbells and Dumbbells)
44
Give examples of **first, second, and third class levers** in the HMS.
What force is in the middle for each lever?
Which do most limbs opperate as?
_1st Class_ -**Fulcrum in middle** like a seesaw
*(**nodding head** where the top of spinal column is fulcrum)*.
_2nd Class_ -**Resistance in the middle** with fulcrum and the muslce's effort on either side, like a load in a **wheelbarrow** (because when you lift a wheelbarrow the effort is on the handles and the folcrum is on the opposite end with gravity in the middle).
*(push-up or **calf raise** - where the ball of foot is fulcrum, body weight is resistance, effort applied by calf musculature)*.
_3rd Class_-**Effort in the middle** between resistance and the fulcrum -The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than resistance,
* (**forearm**- fulcrum is elbow, the effort is applied by the bicep muscle which attaches slightly outside of the elbow, the load is in the hand like dumbbell when performing bicep curl)*.
- Most limbs in human body operate as third class levers
45
Rotary Motion
-Movement of levers (bones) that rotate around the axis (joints).
46
What is Torque?
What increases or decreases torque?
- A **force** that produces **rotation** (the turning effect of a joint in a rotary motion).
- Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
- Determined by distance that the weight is from the center of the joint and the muscle's attachment and the line of pull (direction tension is being applied through tendon) is from the joint will determine efficiency with which muscles manipulate the movement. \***the closer the weight is to the point of rotation (joint), the less torque it creates. \*the farther the weight is from the point of rotation, the more torque it creates.**
47
Motor Behavior
- **Motor response to** internal and external environmental **stimuli**.
- The study of motor behavior examines the manner by which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce movement using sensory information from internal and external environments.
- A collective study of motor control, motor learning, and motor development.
48
Motor Control
- **How** the **central nervous system integrates** internal and external sensory **information** **with previous experiences to produce a motor response**.
- The study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences.
- Concerned with what CNS structures are involved with motor behavior to produce movement.
49
Motor Learning
- **Integration of motor control** processes **through practice** and experience, leading to the relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
- Muscle Memory?
50
Motor Development
-The change in **motor skill** behavior over time **throughout** the **lifespan**.
51
Muscle Synergies
- **Groups of muscles** that are **recruited by** the **central nervous system** to provide movement.
- Simplifies movement by allowing muscles and joints to operate as a functional unit.
- Through practice of proper movement patterns (proper exercise technique), these synergies become more fluent and automated (muscle memory?).
52
What is...
- The cumulative **sensory input to** the **CNS from** all **mechanoreceptors** (muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, and joint receptors) that **provide information about** body **position, movement**, and **sensation** as it pertains to muscle and joint force.
- Vital source for the CNS to gather info about environment to produce most efficient movement
What alters it?
Proprioception.
-**Altered after injury**.
53
What is the **cooperation** of the **nervous and muscular system** in **gathering and interpreting information** and **executing movement**.
Sensorimotor Integration
54
Feedback
-The use **sensory information** and **sensorimotor integration** to help the HMS in the **development of permanent neural** representations of motor **patterns**/motor learning.
55
- "**Sensory feedback**"
- The process whereby sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships (posture), force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
- Acts as a guide, steering HMS to the proper force, speed, and amplitude of movement patterns.
Internal Feedback
56
# Define **External Feedback**.
What are the two types?
What makes them more effective?
What should trainers be wary of?
- **Information provided by** some **external source**, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to help supplement the internal feedback.
- Two major forms:
1. _Knowledge of **Results**_: used **after completion** of a movement to help **inform** a client **about** the **outcome** of the performance. "your squats look good." "could you feel your good form?"
2. _Knowledge of **Performance**_: provides information about the **quality of the movement** during a exercise. Like noticing their knees were excessively adducting and asking if they felt or looked different.
- Its more **effective when** getting the **client involved** so they become more **aware of** their own **sensory/internal feedback**.
- Be wary of **excessive use**, developing a **dependency** on external feedback instead of awareness of sensory imput.
57
What ultimately dictates movement?
The **Nervous System** ultimately dictates movement.
58
Why is it very important to use correct technique at all times?
What three things could happen if a client continuously performs chest press exercises while rounding and elevating the shoulders?
What does this ultimately lead to?
Its important to use correct techniques at all times **to deliver proper sensory information to the central nervous system**.
Not doing so could cause:
- Altered length-tension relationships of muscles (altered **muscle length**)
- Altered force-couple relationships of muscles (improper **muscle recruitment patterns**)
- Altered arthrokinematics (improper **joint motion**)
This ultimately leads to **shoulder impingement** or other injuries.
59
Internal/External rotation (of limbs) occurs on what plane?
Transverse
60
R/L Rotation (head and trunk) occurs on what plane?
Transverse
61
Horizontal abduction and adduction of the limbs occurs on what plane?
Transverse
62
Radioulnar (forearm) pronation and supination occurs on what plane?
Transverse
63
Abduction/adduction occurs on what plane?
Frontal
64
Lateral flexion occurs on what plane?
Frontal
65
Eversion/inversion occurs on what plane?
Frontal
66
Flexion and extension occur on what plane?
Sagittal
