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Biology > Chapter 5 - Health and Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disease?

A

When your body isn’t functioning as it usually should

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microbes which enter your body and cause disease, they enter your body as its sugar and blood plasma to survive

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3
Q

What are the 3/4 types of pathogens? Can you name them from largest to smallest?

A

Fungi (multi cellular, eukaryotes), bacteria (and protists, but they are eukaryotic -have a nucleus, bacteria is single cell) and virus

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4
Q

What is cancer?

A

When a group of cells is dividing uncontrollably

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5
Q

What is a group of cancerous cells called?

A

A tumour

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours and how are they different?

A

Benign tumour, they can usually be easily removed and don’t spread into other tissues
Malignant tumour, they are dangerous as it spreads to other organs causing more tumours which make them hard to remove

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7
Q

What are the 4 main category of disease? Give an example of each one

A

Infections, flu or AIDS
Deficiency diseases, scurvy or anaemia
Inherited diseases, cystic fibrosis or haemophilia
Body disorders, diabetes or cancer

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8
Q

Name the cause for each category of disease

A

Infections, caused by pathogens
Deficiency diseases, caused by lack of a nutrient
Inherited disease, caused by a faulty gene
Body disorders, many causes! Spontaneous mutations, accidents, etc

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9
Q

What are bacteria?

A

A bacterium is a non-invasive pathogen (doesn’t go inside cells) that replicates itself and releases toxins that make a person ill. They can be killed by antibiotics, as these stop them building cell walls and multiplying

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Diarrhoea, stomach cramps, sometimes vomiting and fever. It can last for 4-7 days.

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11
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

The bacteria comes from food poisoning, such as raw chicken or other meat not cooked properly.

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12
Q

How can salmonella spread?

A

From person to person by poor hygiene, from contaminated food or some farm animal produce such as unpasteurised milk.

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13
Q

What are some treatments or preventions for salmonella?

A

Washing your hands thoroughly after touching meat, keeping cooking utensils and units clean. Treatment includes drinking plenty of fluids and possible antibiotics or solutions from a pharmacist.

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14
Q

What causes gonorrhoea and what is it and what does it effect?

A

Gonorrhoea is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) which is caused by bacteria called Neisseria Gonorrhoea and it can effect the cervix, rectum and eyes.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

A thick yellow/ green discharge occurs from vagina or penis, pain when urinating, (women) bleeding between periods. However, many people don’t show any symptoms

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16
Q

How does Gonorrhoea spread?

A

By unprotected sex (vaginal, oral or anal)

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17
Q

What are the treatments and preventions of gonorrhoea?

A

Single antibiotic injection and tablet, however this is becoming harder as more strains of the disease are becoming resistant to antibiotics, are becoming MRSA
Use appropriate contraception

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18
Q

What does MRSA stand for and mean?

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (commonly known as ‘Superbug’) and it is a strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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19
Q

Which has a nucleus, eukaryotic or prokaryotic ?

A

Eukaryotic

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20
Q

What are non-communicable disease?

A

A disease you can’t catch, it is down to genetics or life choices

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21
Q

What systems is general fitness and health associated with? The functioning of…

A

The human respiratory system
Digestive system
Circulatory and blood system
Skeletal and joint system

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22
Q

What is the most common artery that is blocked and you can die from it called?
Where about in the body is it?

A

The coronary artery which is located in the heart, as this is the one main source of blood to the heart if it is blocked blood flow can be stopped and so can your heart beat. Carotid arteries in the head/ neck are common as well

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23
Q

What is the name for the group of diseases that effect the heart m and many will die from, called?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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24
Q

What is atherosclerosis (atheroma)?

A

The hardening of the arteries caused by build up of bad/saturated fats and yellow fatty deposits caused by ‘plagues’. They build up until they block an artery and can stop blood flow, this if it is a corona artery can cause a heart attack.

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25
Q

What life choices can often cause diseases?

A

Cigarette smoke, build up/ release of tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine
Alcohol, causes liver failure

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26
Q

Who first came up with the concept of germs being harmful?

A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis then Joseph Lister

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27
Q

What did Semmelweis suggest? What happened after he suggested this?

A

That ‘germs’ could spread and cause disease as men who did autopsy spread same disease into women after helping them give birth (he suggested this after a doctor friend cut his finger in a whilst being a midwife and caught the same disease. When he suggested to doctors to wash their hands with soap/ chloride lime between jobs the number of deaths lessened but they believed it was a correlation not a causation so didn’t listen to him. The year after Semmelweis died Lister found the missing piece and that when instruments were washed in cleanser then they were safe. Scientists slowly accepted this

28
Q

Name the 4 ways disease can spread

A

Person to person, by people’s blood, saliva, coughs, sneeze into air making an air borne infection
Food borne infection, food not stored properly or for too long
Insect borne infection, disease spread by insects when they bite humans such as the plague
Water borne infection, when water is not properly treated it may contain many sources of infection such as cholera

29
Q

Name the 3 ways white blood cells destroy microbes

A

They engulf/ eat them
They make antibodies which neutralise microbes or make them stick together which means they are easier to engulf
They neutralise the toxins/ poisons created by the microbes

30
Q

Name some general defences if the human body

A

Mucus (nose, mouth, etc) which is sticky and traps pathogens then takes them to the stomach where they are killed by the acid
Scabs are formed as a barrier to infection
Skin is warm to protect you from fungus, we also shed skin
Eyes produce tears which kill bacteria
Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes
Skin is a barrier to infection
Ear wax stops dust particles, goes into stomach to be killed by acids

31
Q

Who first created a type of vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner, invented first type by giving cow pox to patients (they get ill but survive) to prevent them getting the fatal small pox

32
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

The dead disease cells (as long as these still aren’t active) are injected into the body and its immune system recognise it as not their own so kills it and as they are dead this happens with ease as they are less of a threat, then once it is killed memory cells of that certain antibody are made so then if the some antigen enters the body again the body already knows what antibody to produce quickly to kill it.

33
Q

What are the 2 types of immune response with white blood cells? What do they mean/do?

A

There is the primary and secondary response. The primary response is when many white blood cells are introduced to the body to try and fight the disease. The secondary response is where fewer white bloods cells are introduced after the number decreases from the primary response, but this occurs before the number of white blood cells from the primary response goes back to 0 to ensure immunity as memory cells of the certain antibody which has been found to kill a certain antigen needs to survive

34
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A stationary phagocyte or a mobile white blood cell which engulf pathogens ,by using digestive enzymes, which they have identified as not being part of your body, a ‘foreign’ cell

35
Q

What is a phagocyte? Therefore what is phagocytosis?

A

A type of white blood cell that engulfs the pathogens/ bacteria, phagocytosis is when this happens

36
Q

What is a lymphocyte? Therefore lymphocytosis?

A

When antibodies are created by white blood cells and kill recognised antigen molecules, this is lymphocytosis

37
Q

Why aren’t some people vaccinated?

A

Because they might follow celebrities (sometimes bad)
Because they believe in bad, incorrect science
Because of herd immunity when most people are already vaccinated which will stop most of the virus spreading so they believe they are already safe enough

38
Q

What are the 2 main types of immunity and both their definitions?

A

Natural, when antibodies are passed down from mother to child or antibodies are made by the body when it is first infected by the microbes/ pathogens
Artificial, when vaccinations are used.

39
Q

What are the 2 types of artificial immunity?

A

Active, when a vaccination with dead or inactive cells are are used to stimulate the production of the correct antibodies and therefore memory cells for future real infection
Passive, when a serum of antibodies are injected directly into the person to fight infection, often made by monoclonal antibodies

40
Q

What are specific immune responses?

A

Adaptive immune responses that target a specific pathogen , these are antibodies, although they are slower to act than non specific responses

41
Q

What are non specific responses?

A

Phagocytes, which engulf any dangerous cell, it is non specific but quicker to act

42
Q

What are the 2 ways antibodies inactivate pathogens?

A

Neutralisation, clean up the chemicals it produces

Agglutination, make antigens stick therefore collected and killed easier by phagocytes and T-Killer cells

43
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the antibody that allow them to kill/ collected antigens so effectively?

A

The hinge, which allows it to fit its antigen molecule it’s collecting perfectly but also allow room for it for when mutations in the antigen have occurred
The binding site, where antigens fit and are held

44
Q

What are antibodies that are produced naturally in an immune response called?

A

Polyclonal antibodies

45
Q

What are the 2 main responses of specific immune responses?

A

Specific antibodies are produced
Cellular or cell-mediated response, highly specialised cells that target pathogens inside cells, it identifies them the destroys those cells but also the surrounding cells. These are T-Killer cells and this is why when you have a cold you get a sore through as T-Killer cells kill some of the healthy surrounding cells as well as the diseased ones

46
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies, what does this have to do with monoclonal antibodies? What are they?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies cloned from a single plasma cell making them all identical

47
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies important?

A

Treatment of cancer and other diseases which you can’t introduce dead cells for in a vaccination as they are still to active
Drug screening, when you see whether blood of the person clots to determine whether they have had recent drugs
Home pregnancy kits
Scientific research

48
Q

What are plasma cells fused with when creating monoclonal antibodies? Why?

A

Cancerous (myeloma) cells from mice, therefore forming hybridoma cells which make the antibody divide more rapidly therefore making more antibodies. This is why the cancerous cell is used, to make it divide quicker.

49
Q

What is a problem with mouse derived monoclonal antibodies?

A

They may be recognised by the immune system as ‘foreign’

50
Q

How is the immune response minimised to mouse derived monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)?

A

By using genetic engineering to create humanised MAbs, they consist of mainly human polypeptide chains, with only the amino acids at the antigen binding sites derived from mice.

51
Q

What is injected into an animal the stimulate the production of a certain wanted plasma cell?

A

A specific antigen

52
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time

53
Q

What is a protein coat of a virus called?

A

A capsid

54
Q

What is lysis (the process) ?

A

When a cell membrane breaks open releasing everything inside it

55
Q

What sort of barrier makes it hard for pathogens to enter the body?

A

Physical barriers

56
Q

Where is hydrochloric acid produce and wha does it do?

A

Produced by cells that line the stomach, at ph2 it kills most pathogens in food and drink

57
Q

What is an antigen?

A

The protein on the surface of a cell which identifies them, this is how white blood cells know which cells to attack

58
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein produced by lymphocytes that attaches to and attacks the specific antigen on a microorganism

59
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

60
Q

What is a PET scanner?

A

A scanner used to locate radioactive substances in the body

61
Q

What are viruses? Can antibiotics kill them?

A

A microbe that can only live and multiply when using a cell as a host and taking over its DNA and copying processes. Viruses has no cellular structures and so are not true or organisms. They cannot be killed by antibiotics because they are located inside living cells and antibiotics only kill bacteria or prevent growth, they cannot do this with viruses.

62
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A medicine that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms,but not viruses.

63
Q

Hat is the difference between bacteria and fungi?

A

Bacteria are single cellular prokaryotes whereas fungi are multi cellular (with the exception of yeast) and are eukaryotes

64
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance that changes/alters the way the body behaves

65
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When doctors prescribe non effective drugs and then people believe they are getting better so end up feeling better, how the brain effects the body. However this doesn’t have an effect if you are seriously ill with something like a cancer that your body can’t fight off or if you don’t trust your doctor to prescribe the right drugs in the first place

66
Q

What is the nacoebo effect?

A

When the body and brain believes it is dying so it gets worse (despite there is actually nothing physically wrong with them)

Biology (7 decks)

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