CHAPTER 5 GUIDE Flashcards
What are the four major groups of eukaryotic organisms?
- helminth 2. fungi 3. algae 4. protozoa
What are the 3 cellular features of a helminth organism?
- complex, multicellular organisms ranging in size from the microscopic filarial parasites to the giant tapeworms 2. Presence of attachment organs 3. Characterized by ability to feed and live on living hosts
What are the 2 reproduction patterns of a helminth organism?
- Sexual reproduction patterns 2. Some can reproduce by self-fertilization also known as parthenogenesis
What is the importance of a helminth organism?
Some helminths are of medical importance such as it’s use against diseases characterized by an overactive immune response.
What are the 3 cellular features of a fungi organism?
- Cell wall contains chitin 2. Less definition between the cells 3. The hyphae of higher fungi have porous partitions called septa
What are the reproduction patterns of a fungi organism?
Sexual and Asexual reproduction patterns
What are the 3 importances of a fungi organism?
- Important in the manufacture of antibiotics 2. Acts as ‘decomposers’ 3. Important in the food industry
What are the 2 cellular features of an algae organism?
- Chlorophyll bearing 2. Photosynthetic non-vascular plants whose body is a simple thallus w/o differentiation into roots, stems, and leaves
What are the two reproduction patterns of an algae organism?
Sexual and Asexual reproduction patterns
What are the 4 importances of an algae organism?
- Source of oxygen 2. Can be a source of food supplement 3. Important ecologically since it serves as food source for other animals 4. Larger algae provide shelter and habitat for fish and other invertebrate animals
What are the 4 cellular features of a protozoa organism?
- Able to move independently 2. Vary substantially in size and shape 3. Have no cell walls 4. Alternate between a free-living vegetative form known as trophozoite and a resting form called a cyst
What are the two reproduction patterns of a protozoa organism?
Sexual and Asexual reproduction patterns
What is the importance of a protozoa organism?
Play an important role as zooplankton
What is Endosymbiosis?
refers to the hypothesized process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells.
What is one of the most important evolutionary events?
Endosymbiosis
What is Mitochondria?
takes in and breaks down the nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP),a molecule cells that use as a source of energy, process known as cellular respiration
What is the other term for Mitochondria?
also known as the power house of the cell
What are Chloroplasts?
similar to mitochondria but are found only in the cells of plants and some algae; converts sunlight into energy that can be used by the cell, a process known as photosynthesis
What are Cilia?
slender, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles that extend from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells (multiple or single)
What is the flagella structure?
the eukaryotic flagellum is a long, rod-like structure that is surrounded by an extension of the cell membrane like a sheath
What is the anoxeme?
is a filament, the bulk of the structure which is anchored in a basal body
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
– associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones; referred to as ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control, and dispatch; referred to as ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes
What is the Nucleus?
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells; contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
What are Vesicles?
a small structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer; formed naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm
What are the Lysosomes?
membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
What are Vacuoles?
membrane-enclosed fluid filled sac found in the cells of plants including fungi; can be large organelles occupying between 30% and 90% of a cell by volume
What is the Chitin?
a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
What is the Saprobe?
an organism that derives its nourishment from non-living or decaying organic matter
What is a yeast?
singe-celled microorganisms classified, along with molds and mushrooms, as members of the fungus kingdom
What are hyphae?
branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
What is a septum/septate?
a wall dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones
What are molds?
a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae
What are pseudohyphae?
a chain of easily disrupted fungal cells that is intermediate between a chain of budding cells and a true hypha, marked by constrictions rather than septa at the junctions
What is sexual reproduction?
results in genetic recombination; combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form a third unique offspring
What is asexual reproduction?
no genetic recombination; offspring are genetically identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent; occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria) and in some eukaryotic single and multi-celled organisms
What is a mycelium?
vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae
What is Mycology?
the scientific study of fungi
What are Mycoses?
fungal infections caused by fungal pathogens which can overcome the defenses of the normal human host by changing their morphological form
What are algae?
predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the Kingdom Protista
What is a protozoa?
single-celled eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy
What is a pseudopodia?
a temporary protusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding
What is a trophozoite?
a protozoan, especially of certain parasitic species, in the feeding and growing stage in contrast with the reproductive and infective stages
What is a cyst?
closed cavity or sac that is lined by epithelium often contains liquid or semi-solid material
What is encystment?
helps the microbe to disperse easily from one host to another or to a more favorable environment.
What is excystation?
a process that breaks down the cyst wall
What is a helminth?
a general term which means ‘worm’; multi-cellular eukaryotic invertebrates with tube-like or flattened bodies exhibiting bilateral symmetry.
What is the other term for flatworms?
Platyhelminthes
What is a flatworm?
a worm of a phylum that includes the planarians together with the parasitic flukes and tapeworms.
What are the 2 examples of flatworms?
- Cestoda (tapeworms) 2. Trematoda (flukes)
What are roundworms?
long thin unsegmented tube-like bodies with anterior mouths and longitudinal digestive tracts
What is the other term for roundworm?
Nematodes
What is other term for nematodes other than roundworm?
Nematheminthes
What are cestodes?
is a class of parasitic worms of the flatworm phylum
long flat ribbon-like bodies with a single anterior holdfast organ (scolex) and numerous segments
What is the other term for cestodes?
What are trematodes
small flat leaf-like bodies with oral and ventral suckers and a blind sac-like gut
What is the other term for trematodes?
Fluke
What is hermaphroditic?
having both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual
What is a definitive host?
an organism that supports the adult or sexually reproductive form of a parasite
Describe the theory of endosymbiosis.
The theory of endosymbiosis states that the eukaryotes evolved through a process whereby different types of free-living prokaryotes became incorporated inside larger prokaryotic cells and eventually developed into mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles.
What are the 7 characteristics of a Prokaryotic Flagella?
- Single-stranded 2. A membraneous sheath covering is absent 3.Smaller and narrower 4.Each flagellum has three parts: basal body, hook, and filament 5.Basal body bears rings 6.Composed of protein flagellin 7.Perform rotary movements
What are the 7 characteristics of a Eukaryotic Flagella?
- 11-stranded 2. Flagella are covered by sheath derived from plasmalemma 3. Larger and thicker than prokaryotic flagella 4. Has two parts: basal body and shaft 5. Basal body bears rootlets 6. Composed of protein tubulin 7. Perform lashing or undulatory movements
Describe the movement strategy of Prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes exhibit whip like movement of the flagella which helps in movement of the organism in fluid medium. The locomotory pili help in twitching and gliding locomotion. It generally occurs in prokaryotes, which are colonial in nature, and show gliding motion. The junction pore secretes slimy fluid like mucus that helps in gliding motion of the organism. Lastly, the contractile cytoskeleton of the prokaryotes shows contractile movement, which helps in the motion of the organism.
Describe the movement strategy of Eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes exhibit lashing or undulatory movement of the flagella. The cilia help in both the movement of the organism as well as the surrounding fluid by exhibiting pendular movements. The presence of pseudopodia aids as well in the movement of the cell. Lastly, myonemes are muscle fibril structures which help in wriggling and gliding of the organism.
What is the nucleus?
command center of the cell
What is the nucleolus?
site where ribosomes are produced
What is the nuclear envelope?
double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=nuclear+envelope
What is a Peroxisome?
vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions, such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules
What is a plasma membrane?
lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
What are the functions of the Golgi complex?
collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell
What is cytoplasm?
the semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles
What are the Microtubules?
tubes of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
What is Smooth ER?
system of internal membranes that aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids
What is Rough ER?
internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis
What is the range of individual cells in micrometer?
Individual cells range from 1µm to 30µm
What is the importance of ecological role of fungi in the earths biosphere.
Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, and are part of a diverse community of ‘decomposers’ that break down dead plants and animals. Fungi transform organic matter into forms that can be utilized by other decomposers, and into food for plants.
Explain the reproduction of a fungi through sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction, as with other organisms, involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores that can grow into new organisms.
What are the four most popular ways a fungi can reproduce through asexual reproduction?
Majority of Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, fission, budding, or production of spores.
What is Fission?
is the simple splitting of a cell into 2 daughter cells by constriction and cell wall formation
What is Budding?
budding is the production of small outgrowth from a parent cell
What is the Production of spores?
the most common method, vary in color, size, shape, number, arrangement of cells, and manner by which spores are borne.
What is Fragmentation?
is when a hyphae break up into their component cells that behave as spores (arthrospores)
What are the two major types of asexual spores?
- Sporangiospores 2. Conidia
What is Sporangiospores?
borne within a sporangium
What is Conidia?
exogenous, free or naked spores
Explain how fungi are a valuable source of antibiotics.
The ability of fungi to construct unique complex molecules using established metabolic pathways. Different taxa produce sets of related molecules, each with slightly different final products. Metabolites formed along the metabolic pathway may also be biologically active which can be used in the manufacture of antibiotics.
What is the benefit to humanity of algae?
A benefit of algae to humans is the use of algae as a health supplement. Simple-celled algae are utilized into health supplements and these provide a long list of vitamins and anti-oxidant, and also rich in potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium.
What threats do algae pose to humanity?
Harmful algal blooms are a major environmental problem. It is also referred to as red tides. Harmful algal blooms are overgrowths of algae in water. Some produce dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water. Ingestion of seafood caught in waters exhibiting harmful algal blooms can sicken or kill humans.
• What are some diseases caused by protozoans?
Important diseases caused by protozoans are leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, diarrhea, trichomoniasis, tripanosomiasis, lambliasis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and balantidiasis
What is trophozoites?
The stages of parasitic protozoa that actively feed and multiply.
What conditions stimulate encystment?
Conditions that reduce metabolic activity as well as environmental stress such as changes in temperature and photoperiod, availability of food, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, and the presence of toxic chemicals stimulate encystment for the survival of the organism.
What are the 3 categories of the helminthes?
- Nematode (roundworms) 2.Cestode (tapeworms) 3. Trematode (flukes)
What is the most common source of human infection by helminths?
The most common source of human infection by helminths is the soil
List the 3 stages of most human helminth parasites’ life cycles.
- eggs 2. larvae 3. adults
Most helminths dedicate a great deal of body-space to attachment organ structures. Why?
The attachment organ structures allow the helminths to reside within their host and contribute to their parasitic quality.
